0638-1-8
المسلمون يفتحون مدينة القدس وينتزعوها من البيزنطيين.
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0871-1-8
Battle of Ashdown – Ethelred of Wessex defeats an invading army of Danes.
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1137-1-8
موت ( لويس السادس) ملك فرنسا.
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1198-1-8
موت البابا (سلستين الثالث ) بابا الفاتيكان.
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1297-1-8
Monaco gains its independence.
استقلال موناكو عن جنوة .
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1324-1-8
موت البحار والمستكشف الإيطالي ( ماركو بولو) .
وهو من أوائل البحارة الأوروبيين الذين تمكنوا بمساعدة البحارة العرب من الوصول إلى الهند وجنوب شرق آسيا بالدوران حول إفريقيا في بداية عصر الكشوف الجغرافية الأوروبي.
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1499-1-8
Louis XII of France marries Anne of Brittany.
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1642-1-8
موت (جاليليو جاليلي )، فلكي وفيلسوف وعالم فيزياء إيطالي ،و مخترع التلسكوب الانكساري عن 77 عاماً
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1656-1-8
صدرت في هولندا أقدم صحيفة اقتصادية ما زالت تصدر في العالم حتى الآن وهي صحيفة( هارلم ).
وقد صدرت هذه الصحيفة تحت اسم مدينة هارلم أحد أهم المدن الهولندية والمراكز التجارية على مستوى أوروبا ككل في القرن السابع عشر.
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1713-1-8
موت ( أركانجلو كوريلي) ، موسيقي إيطالي.
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1734-1-8
Premiere performance of George Frideric Handel's Ariodante at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden.
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1746-1-8
Second Jacobite Rising: Bonnie Prince Charlie occupies Stirling.
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1779-1-8
سيطر الأسطول الفرنسي على القتال ضد الإنجليز.
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1790-1-8
في مدينة نيويورك : الرئيس الأمريكي جورج واشنطن يلقي "خطبة حالة الاتحاد "
وذلك اول خطاب في بداية رئاسته لأمريكا
وهذا الخطاب عن حالة الاتحاد الأمريكي صار حاليا عادة سنوية لكل رئيس
President George Washington delivers the first State of the Union Address in New York City.
On this day in 1790, President George Washington delivers the first State of the Union address to the assembled Congress in New York City.
Washington began by “congratulating you on the present favourable prospects of our public affairs,” most notable of which was North Carolina’s recent decision to join the federal republic. North Carolina had rejected the Constitution in July 1788 because it lacked a bill of rights. Under the terms of the Constitution, the new government acceded to power after only 11 of the 13 states accepted the document. By the time North Carolina ratified in November 1789, the first Congress had met, written the Bill of Rights and dispatched them for review by the states. When Washington spoke in January, it seemed likely the people of the United States would stand behind Washington’s government and enjoy the “concord, peace, and plenty” he saw as symbols of the nation’s good fortune.
Washington’s address gave a brief, but excellent, outline of his administration’s policies as designed by Alexander Hamilton. The former commander in chief of the Continental Army argued in favor of securing “the common defence [sic],” as he believed preparedness for war to be “one of the most effectual means of preserving peace.” Washington’s guarded language allowed him to hint at his support for the controversial idea of creating a standing army without making an overt request.
The most basic functions of day-to-day governing had yet to be organized, and Washington charged Congress with creating “a competent fund designated for defraying the expenses incident to the conduct of our foreign affairs,“ “a uniform rule of naturalization,” and “Uniformity in the Currency, Weights and Measures of the United States.”
After covering the clearly federal issues of national defense and foreign affairs, Washington urged federal influence over domestic issues as well. The strongly Hamilton-influenced administration desired money for and some measure of control over “Agriculture, Commerce and Manufactures” as well as “Science and Literature.” These national goals required a Federal “Post-Office and Post-Roads” and a means of public education, which the president justified as a means to secure the Constitution, by educating future public servants in the republican principles of representative government.
:
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1798-1-8
بدء موقعة أبي قير البحرية بين الأسطول الإنكليزي بقيادة نلسون، والأسطول الفرنسي بقيادة بروي.
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1800-1-8
هزم النمساويون الفرنسيين في معركة نوفي الثانية. وكانت الممالك الأوروبية قد تحالفت فيما بينها ضد الجمهورية الفرنسية الجديدة التي تشكلت على أنقاض النظام الملكي في أعقاب الثورة الفرنسية عام 1789م.
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1806-1-8
Cape Colony becomes a British colony.
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1811-1-8
An unsuccessful slave revolt is led by) Charles Deslandes( in St. Charles and St. James, Louisiana.
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1815-1-8
War of 1812: Battle of New Orleans – Andrew Jackson leads American forces in victory over the British.
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1815-1-8
معركة نيو أورليانز
The Battle of New Orleans
Two weeks after the War of 1812 officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent, U.S. General Andrew Jackson achieves the greatest American victory of the war at the Battle of New Orleans.
In September 1814, an impressive American naval victory on Lake Champlain forced invading British forces back into Canada and led to the conclusion of peace negotiations in Ghent, Belgium. Although the peace agreement was signed on December 24, word did not reach the British forces assailing the Gulf coast in time to halt a major attack.
On January 8, 1815, the British marched against New Orleans, hoping that by capturing the city they could separate Louisiana from the rest of the United States. Pirate Jean Lafitte, however, had warned the Americans of the attack, and the arriving British found militiamen under General Andrew Jackson strongly entrenched at the Rodriquez Canal. In two separate assaults, the 7,500 British soldiers under Sir Edward Pakenham were unable to penetrate the U.S. defenses, and Jackson's 4,500 troops, many of them expert marksmen from Kentucky and Tennessee, decimated the British lines. In half an hour, the British had retreated, General Pakenham was dead, and nearly 2,000 of his men were killed, wounded, or missing. U.S. forces suffered only eight killed and 13 wounded.
Although the battle had no bearing on the outcome of the war, Jackson's overwhelming victory elevated national pride, which had suffered a number of setbacks during the War of 1812. The Battle of New Orleans was also the last armed engagement between the United States and Britain.
""history.com/"" المصدر :
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1815-1-8
Jackson leads troops to victory at New Orleans
On this day in 1815, General Andrew Jackson and his troops win the decisive Battle of New Orleans in the waning moments of the War of 1812.
Although the war had officially ended two weeks earlier with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent, news of the treaty had not yet reached the United States from Europe and military clashes between the British and the Americans continued. After a three-year struggle against superior British land and naval forces, the outnumbered American Army and Marines succeeded in preventing the British from gaining a foothold in the southern territories of Louisiana and western Florida.
The Battle of New Orleans engendered a sense of nationalism among Americans--after all, the fledgling nation had now beaten back the British empire twice in 30 years, first during the American Revolution and then in the War of 1812. Pride over the victory effectively ended the growing pains of political divisiveness that had plagued the United States at the beginning of the war. Winning the Battle of New Orleans not only helped the United States maintain its newly won independence and increased patriotic sentiment, it turned Jackson into a national hero and paved the way for his ascent to the presidency in 1828.
Jackson, independent, resourceful and tough, epitomized the national image of the American frontiersman. Early in the War of 1812, he earned the grudging respect of his soldiers, and the nickname “Old Hickory,” when he refused an order to disband his troops in Mississippi and instead marched them back to their base in Tennessee. His bold leadership, humble background and relentlessness inspired the ragtag American Army at New Orleans. His image as a citizen-soldier and common man contributed to Jackson’s nationwide popularity.
""history.com/"" المصدر :
-------------------------------------------
1916-1-8
1916 : Allies retreat from Gallipoli
On January 8, 1916, Allied forces stage a full retreat from the shores of the Gallipoli Peninsula in Turkey, ending a disastrous invasion of the Ottoman Empire. The Gallipoli Campaign resulted in 250,000 Allied casualties and greatly discredited Allied military command. Roughly an equal number of Turks were killed or wounded.
In early 1915, the British government resolved to ease Turkish pressure on the Russians in the Caucasus front by seizing control of the Dardanelles channel, the Gallipoli Peninsula, and then Istanbul. From there, pressure could be brought on Austria-Hungary, forcing the Central Powers to divert troops from the western front. The first lord of the Admiralty, Winston Churchill, strongly supported the plan, and in February 1915 French and British ships began bombarding the Turkish forts guarding the Dardanelles.
Bad weather interrupted the operation, and on March 18, six English and four French warships moved into the Dardanelles. The Turks, however, had used the intervening time wisely, setting mines that sank three Allied ships and badly damaged three more. The naval attack was called off, and a larger land invasion was planned.
Beginning April 25, British, Australian, and New Zealand troops landed on the Gallipoli Peninsula, while the French feinted a landing on the opposite coast to divert Ottoman forces. The Australians and New Zealanders were devastated by the Turkish defenders, who were led by Mustafa Kemal, the future President Ataturk of Turkey. Meanwhile, the British likewise were met with fierce resistance at their Cape Helles landing sites and suffered two-thirds casualties at some locations. During the next three months, the Allies made only slight gains off their landing sites and took terrible casualties.
To break the stalemate, a new British landing at Sulva Bay occurred on August 6, but the British failed to capitalize on their largely unopposed landing and waited too long to move against the heights. Ottoman reinforcements arrived and quickly halted their progress. Trenches were dug, and the British were able to advance only a few miles.
In September, Sir Ian Hamilton, the British commander, was replaced by Sir Charles Monro, who in December recommended an evacuation from Gallipoli. In early January 1916, the last of the Allied troops escaped. As a result of the disastrous campaign, Churchill resigned as first lord of the Admiralty and accepted a commission to command an infantry battalion in France.
""history.com/"" المصدر :
--------------------------------
1821-1-8
Civil War
Confederate General James Longstreet born
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1830-1-8
مولد (هانز فون بولوف ) ، موسيقي من ألمانيا.
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1835-1-8
The United States national debt is 0 for the only time.
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1838-1-8
Alfred Vail demonstrates a telegraph system using dots and dashes (this is the forerunner of Morse code).
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1863-1-8
American Civil War: Second Battle of Springfield
وقوع معركة سبرينغفيلد ، في إطار الحرب الأهلية الأمريكية .
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1867-1-8
African American men are granted the right to vote in Washington, D.C.
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1867-1-8
مولد ( إميلي جرين بالش) اقتصادية ونقابية أمريكية حاصلة على جائزة نوبل للسلام عام 1946.
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1870-1-8
مولد (ميغيل بريمو دي رفييرا) ، ديكتاتور إسباني.
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1877-1-8
Crazy Horse and his warriors fight their last battle against the United States Cavalry at Wolf Mountain, Montana Territory.
On this day in 1877, Crazy Horse and his warriors--outnumbered, low on ammunition and forced to
use outdated weapons to defend themselves--fight their final losing battle against the U.S. Cavalry in Montana.
Six months earlier, in the Battle of Little Bighorn, Crazy Horse and his ally, Chief Sitting Bull, led
their combined forces of Sioux and Cheyenne to a stunning victory over Lieutenant Colonel George Custer
(1839-76) and his men. The Indians were resisting theU.S. government's efforts to force them back to their
reservations. After Custer and over 200 of his soldiers were killed in the conflict, later dubbed
"Custer's Last Stand," the American public wanted revenge. As a result, the U.S. Army launched a winter
campaign in 1876-77, led by General Nelson Miles (1839-1925), against the remaining hostile Indians on
the Northern Plains.
Combining military force with diplomatic overtures, Nelson convinced many Indians to surrender and return
to their reservations. Much to Nelson's frustration, though, Sitting Bull refused to give in and fled
across the border to Canada, where he and his people remained for four years before finally returning to
the U.S. to surrender in 1881. Sitting Bull died in 1890. Meanwhile, Crazy Horse and his band also refused
to surrender, even though they were suffering from illness and starvation.
On January 8, 1877, General Miles found Crazy Horse's camp along Montana's Tongue River. U.S. soldiers
opened fire with their big wagon-mounted guns, driving the Indians from their warm tents out into a raging
blizzard. Crazy Horse and his warriors managed to regroup on a ridge and return fire, but most of their
ammunition was gone, and they were reduced to fighting with bows and arrows.
They managed to hold off the soldiers long enough for the women and children to escape under cover of the blinding blizzard before they turned to follow them.
Though he had escaped decisive defeat, Crazy Horserealized that Miles and his well-equipped cavalry
troops would eventually hunt down and destroy his cold, hungry followers. On May 6, 1877, Crazy Horse
led approximately 1,100 Indians to the Red Cloud reservation near Nebraska's Fort Robinson and surrendered.
Five months later, a guard fatally stabbed him after he allegedly resisted imprisonment by Indian policemen.
In 1948, American sculptor Korczak Ziolkowski began work on the Crazy Horse Memorial, a massive monument
carved into a mountain in South Dakota. Still a work in progress, the monument will stand 641 feet high and
563 feet long when completed.
Source = " history.com
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1889-1-8
Herman Hollerith is issued US patent #395,791 for the 'Art of Applying Statistics' — his punched card calculator.
اختراع العالم الامريكي هيرمان هوليرث اول جهاز كمبيوتر. يستعمل الكروت المثقوبة
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1891-1-8
مولد ( فالتر بوته) عالم فيزياء ألماني حاصل على جائزة نوبل في الفيزياء عام 1954.
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1891-1-8
مولد الأديب المصري ( إسماعيل مظهر )
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1892-1-8
تولى "عباس الثاني بن توفيق" عرش مصر بعد موت الخديوِي توفيق ،،وكلاهما من سلالة أسرة محمد علي باشا قائد الكتيبة الألبانية بمصر الذي نصبه المصريون سنة 1805 والياً علي مصر رغم أنف الصدر الأعظم بدولة الخلافة
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1892-1-8
عباس حلمي الثاني يتولى حكم مصر خلفاً لوالدة الخديوي توفيق الذي توفي في اليوم الماضي.
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1896-1-8
موت ( بول فرلان)، شاعر فرنسي.
مرادفات :
بول فرلان = بول فرلين
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1897-1-8
مولد الشاعر السوري ( شفيق جبري )
لمحة عنه:
ولد بدمشق، عمل أمينا لوزارة التربية في حكومة الملك فيصل 1920، أصبح عميداً لكلية الآداب بجامعة دمشق،، كما اختير عام 1926 عضوا في المجمع العلمي العربي بدمشق
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الأربعاء أكتوبر 13, 2010 1:09 pm