Luxembourg History [ 1000-2015 ]

Luxembourg History
[ 1000-2015 ]

------------------------------
Jul 1083                
title of Count of Luxembourg adopted (Graf von Lützelburg)
------------------------------
10-8-1296
John the Blind, King of Bohemia, Count of Luxembourg, was born.
   (MC, 10-8-02)
------------------------------


14-5-1316  
Charles IV (d.1378), later King of Bohemia and Holy Roman Emperor, was born in the House of Luxembourg.
------------------------------

26-11-1346        
Charles of Luxembourg was crowned German king. He succeeded his father John of Luxemburg as King of Bohemia and Count of Luxembourg.
   (PC, 1992 ed, p.128)
------------------------------

13-3-1354                
Title became " Duchy of Luxembourg"
------------------------------

29-11-1378  
Charles IV (b.1316), King of Bohemia and Holy Roman Emperor, died.
   (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_emperor_Charles_IV)
------------------------------
26-2-1388    
the duchy is pledged by Wenceslas II to Josse (Jobst), and
from this date to 23 Nov 1457 there are side by side the   hereditary duke (duc héréditaire) and the actually governing
  "duke by pledge" (duc par engagère)

------------------------------
23-1-1429      
At the Congress of Luck Emp. Sigismund of Luxembourg offered to crown Vytautas as King of Lithuania.

------------------------------

23-11-1457
    upon the death of hereditary duke Ladislas Postumus of  Austria, the ducal lines are reunited in the Burgundy
 branch of the house of Valois and its heirs the kings of  the Spanish kingdoms
------------------------------

------------------------------
15-10-1582
The Gregorian (or New World) calendar was adopted in Italy, France, Luxembourg, Spain, and Portugal; and the preceding ten days were lost to history. This day followed Oct 4 to bring the calendar into sync. by order of the Council of Trent. Oct 5-14 were dropped.
(K.I.-365D, p.97)(NG, March 1990, J. Boslough)(HN, 15-10-1998)(SFEC, 10/3/99, Par p.27)
------------------------------
8-5-1713
Luxembourg becomes part of the Austrian Netherlands , as a consequence of the War of the Spanish Succession
------------------------------

6-3-1714
the Treaty of Rastatt ended the war between Austria and Spain. It complemented the Treaty of Utrecht, which had, the previous year, ended hostilities with Britain and the Dutch Republic. The Spanish Netherlands became the Austrian Netherlands, and Spain gave up her possession in Italy, Luxembourg and Flanders. A third treaty, the Treaty of Baden (Sep 7, 1714), was required to end the hostilities between France and the Holy Roman Empire.
(PCh, ed. 1992, p.279)(http://tinyurl.com/b8uxbje)
------------------------------
15-12-1792
to :
28-4-1793
Annexation of Luxembourg by France
------------------------------


1-10-1795
to:
1-2-1814
Annexation of Luxembourg by France; becomes Département des Forêts
------------------------------

15-2-1814
to :
9-3-1814  
under Gouvernement-général de la Belgique
------------------------------
10-3-1814
to :
12-5-1815  
under Gouvernement-général du Rhin Moyen (from 10 Jun 1814  Bas-Rhin et Rhin Moyen)
------------------------------
16-3-1815                
style of duke restored for Willem I of the Netherlands
------------------------------

16 -3- 1815
to :
 9-6-1815  
Orange-Nassau dynasty started to   rule

------------------------

9-6-1815                
Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
------------------------------

9-6-1815  
to:
7-10-1840
Grand duke = Guillaume I                        (b. 1772 - d. 1843)
---------------------------
1831                
upon separation of Belgium from the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the already diminished territory of Luxembourg
is divided into the (larger) Belgian province of Luxembourg and the (smaller) surviving Grand Duchy; division acquiesced  by the king/grand-duke in 1839
------------------------------
7-10-1840
to:
 17-3-1849  
Grand duke = Guillaume II                       (b. 1792 - d. 1849)
---------------------------

21-12-1841
to :
1-8-1848
Governor of Luxembourg =Théodore-Ignace de la Fontaine     (b. 1787 - d. 1871) .
He was acting to 6 Jun 1842
------------------------------

1-8-1848
to :
 2-12-1848  
Prime minister = Théodore-Ignace de la Fontaine    
--------------------------------
2-12-1848
to :
23-9-1853
Prime minister =   Jean-Jacques Madelaine Willmar     (b. 1792 - d. 1866)
------------------------------

 17-3-1849  
to:
23-11-1890
Grand duke =  Guillaume III  
(b. 1817 - d. 1890)

-----------------------------

23-9-1853
to :
26-9-1860  
Prime minister = Mathias Simons        
    (b. 1802 - d. 1874)
------------------------------

26-9-1860
to :
 3-12-1867  
Prime minister = Baron Victor de Tornaco        
   (b. 1805 - d. 1875)
------------------------------

9-9-1867  
Luxembourg gained independence

------------------------------

3-12-1867
to :
26-12-1874  
Prime minister = Emmanuel Servais            
  (b. 1811 - d. 1890)
------------------------------

26-12-1874
to :
20-2-1885
Prime minister = Félix de Blochausen    
 (b. 1834 - d. 1915)
------------------------------

16-8-1884        
Hugo Gernsback (d.1967), sci-fi writer, publisher (1960 Hugo), was born in Luxembourg.
   (www.nndb.com/people/381/000045246/)
------------------------------

20-2-1885
to :
22-9-1888  
Prime minister = Édouard Thilges              
     (b. 1817 - d. 1904)
------------------------------
22-9-1888
to :
12-10-1915  
Prime minister = Paul Eyschen                  
    (b. 1841 - d. 1915)
------------------------------
23-11-1890
Grand Duchy of Luxembourg separated from the Netherlands.
   (AP, 23-11-2002)
------------------------------

1904      
Hugo Gernsback (1884-1967), budding inventor and writer, moved to the US, where he patented a new kind of electrical battery.
   (ON, 11/05, p.10)
------------------------------

19-3-1908
to :
25-2-1912  

Grand duchess    (regent)= Marie Anne de Bragance        (b. 1861 - d. 1942)

------------------------------

25-2-1912  
to :
15-1-1919  

Grand duchess   = Marie-Adélaïde              
   (b. 1894 - d. 1924)
------------------------------
27-7-1914  
Germany informed Belgium and Luxembourg of its intention to pass its troops through their countries. German Chancellor Theobald von
Bethmann-Hollweg reportedly called the 1839 London Treaty, in which all the European powers had guaranteed Belgian neutrality, "a scrap of paper" not worthfighting over. Bethmann-Hollweg was trying to persuade Britain not to declare war based on the treaty. Unsuccessful in his efforts, Britain and Belgiumdeclared war when German troops entered Belgium on August 4.
   (HNQ, 24-7-98)
------------------------------

2-8-1914        
Invasion of  Luxembourg by  German troops.
   
------------------------------

12-10-1915
to :
 6-11-1915
Prime minister = Mathias Mongenast (acting)      
 (b. 1843 - d. 1926)
------------------------------
6-11-1915
to :
24-2-1916
Prime minister = Hubert Loutsch  
    (b. 1878 - d. 1946)
------------------------------
24-2-1916
to :
19-6-1917

Prime minister =Victor Thorn  
  (b. 1844 - d. 1930)
------------------------------
19-6-1917
to :
28-9-1918
Prime minister = Léon Kauffman  
  (b. 1869 - d. 1952)
------------------------------
28-9-1918
to :
20 -3-1925
Prime minister =Émile Reuter  
    (b. 1874 - d. 1973)

--------------------------------

15-1-1919
to:
12-11-1964

Grand duchess   =Charlotte  (b. 1896 - d. 1985)
In the period (10 May 1940 - 14 Apr 1945 ) She was in exile [ first in France; from Aug 1940 in  London; from 4 Oct 1940  New York; from Nov 1940 in Montreal])
------------------------------
2 -8-1914
to :
11-11-1918
German occupation
------------------------------

1-5-1920        
The Belgian-Luxembourg toll tunnel was opened
   
------------------------------
20-3-1925
to :
16-7-1926
Prime minister =Pierre Prüm  
(b. 1886 - d. 1950)
------------------------------
16-7-1926
to :
5-11-1937
Prime minister = Joseph Bech (1st time)  
(b. 1887 - d. 1975)
------------------------------
5-11-1937
to :
22-12-1953  
Prime minister = Pierre Dupong  (b. 1885 - d. 1953)

(10 -5- 1940 to 23-9-1944 he was in London exile)
-------------------------------
10-5-1940
to :
22-10-1940    
(head of the Government Commission = Albert Wehrer  
(b. 1895 - d. 1967
 His job is equivalent to a Prime minister
------------------------------
10-5-1940
German forces began a blitzkrieg of the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg, skirting France's "impenetrable" Maginot Line. Belgium was invaded by Germany and maintained resistance for 18 days.
   (WSJ, 1-8-95, p.A-8)(WSJ, 29-4-96, p.C-1)(HN, 10-5-02)

------------------------------
10-5-1940
to :
11-9-1944  
German occupation
------------------------------
7-8-1940
to0:
11-9-1944
 chief of civil administration =   Gustav Simon
(b. 1900 - d. 1945)
-------------------------------

21-12-1841
to :
1-8-1848
Governor =Théodore-Ignace de la Fontaine    
(b. 1787 - d. 1871)
He was acting to 6 Jun 1842
------------------------------
11-9-1944
American troops entered Luxembourg
   (HN, 11-9-98)
------------------------------

26-12-1944
In the World War II Battle of the Bulge, the embattled U.S. 101st Airborne Division was relieved by units of the 4th Armored Division. The Battle of the Bulge was the final major German counter-offensive of the war and thrust deep into allied territory in N & E Belgium and Luxembourg. US Gen Patton's tanks repulsed the Germans.
   (WUD, 1994, p.195)(SFC, 1-9-1996, T3)(AP, 26-12-97)(MC, 26-12-01)
------------------------------

1944-1945  
The Battle of the Bulge raged across the country
   (SFC, 9/1/96, T3)
------------------------------
18-3-1948    
France, Great Britain and Benelux signed the Treaty of Brussels
   
------------------------------
4-4-1949    
The (NATO) North Atlantic Treaty Organization pact was signed by the US, Great Britain, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Italy, Portugal, Denmark, Iceland, Norway and Canada. It provided for mutual defense against aggression and for close military cooperation.
   (www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/official_texts_17120.htm)(TOH, 1982, p.1949)
------------------------------
1949      
Perle Mesta, a Washington socialite, was appointed US ambassador. Her flamboyant ways and gala parties inspired the Broadway musical “Call Me Madam.”
   (SFC, 22-10-1996, p.A18)
------------------------------

10-9-1952
Germany and Israel signed the Luxembourg Agreement, an accord about recovery payments. West Germany agreed to pay Israel a sum of 3 billion marks over the next fourteen years. It was signed by West German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer, Israeli Foreign Minister Moshe Sharett and World Jewish Congress President Nahum Goldmann.
(http://tinyurl.com/etznn)(http://tinyurl.com/h6n7m)
------------------------------

29-12-1953
to :
29-3-1958
Prime minister = Joseph Bech (2nd period)
------------------------------
29-3-1958
to :-
23-2-1959
Prime minister = Pierre Frieden
(b. 1892 - d. 1959)
------------------------------
2-3-1959
to :
15-6-1974
Prime minister = Pierre Werner (1st time)
(b. 1913 - d. 2002)
------------------------------
1959-1974
Pierre Werner (d.2002) served as Prime Minister.
He served again as Prime Minister from 1979-1984.

------------------------------


12-11-1964
to :
7-10-2000
Grand Duke = Jean (b. 1921)
in the period from 4-5-1961 to 12-11- 1964 Jean was regent.
Also ,In the period from 3-3-1998 untill 7 -10- 2000 His son Henri was regent .
Jean rule ended in 2000

------------------------------

1973
Ruth Lewis Farkas (1907-1996), was appointed as US ambassador to Luxembourg by President Nixon after she and her husband, founder of Alexander’s department stores, contributed $300,000 to Nixon’s re-election campaign.
(SFC, 22-10-96, p.A18)
------------------------------

15-6-1974
to : 16-7-1979
Prime minister = Gaston Thorn
(b. 1928 - d. 2007)
------------------------------
16-7-1979
to :
20-7-1984
Prime minister =Pierre Werner (2nd period)
(he died in 2002)

------------------------------
1980s
Late, Friendly regulation and low taxes spurred a banking boom in the Grand duchy.
(WSJ, 14-6-1996, p.A10)
------------------------------


20-7-1984
to :
20-1-1995
Prime minister = Jacques Santer
(b. 1937)
------------------------------


17-2-1986
The Single European Act modifying the Treaty of Rome was signed a 1st time in Luxembourg. [see Feb 28] The single European Act was passed to end trade restricting regulations and create a true single European market by 1992.
(Econ, 25-9-2004, Survey p.9)(http://europa.eu.int/abc/history/1986/index_en.htm)
------------------------------
1991
French frigates were sold to Taiwan. In 2004 a fake list of French public figures (including later president Nicolas Sarkozy), who allegedly held accounts at a Luxembourg-based clearing house (Clearstream Banking S.A.), was leaked to a French judge. This came to be known as the 2nd Clearstream affair.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clearstream)(Econ, 12/6/08, p.70)
------------------------------
2-7-1992
Luxembourg ratifies the Treaty on the European Union.
(http://europa.eu.int/abc/history/1992/index_en.htm)
------------------------------

1992
Radio Luxembourg went off the air as it lost listeners due to deregulation and commercial rivals. In 2008 it hoped to make a comeback using digital broadcasts.
(Econ, 8-3-08, TQ p.8)
------------------------------
1993
Germany passed a 30% withholding tax on investment income. It caused billions of marks to flow out of Germany and into Luxembourg.
(WSJ, 14-6-96, p.A10)
------------------------------

20-1-1995
Jean-Claude Juncker (b.1954), the leader of the Christian Social People's Party, succeeded Jacques Santer as PM of Luxembourg. “Juncker’s Curse” was named after Jean-Claude Juncker, who famously quipped: “We all know what to do. But we don’t know how to get reelected once we've done it.”
(http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Jean-Claude_Juncker)
------------------------------

20 Jan 1995
to :
4-12-2013
Prime minister = Jean-Claude Juncker (b. 1954)
------------------------------


9-6-1996
The latest unemployment rate was 3%.
(SFC, 9-6-1996 , Parade, p.9)
------------------------------

1996 Jun
The nation’s managers ran some $325 billion in assets.
(WSJ, 14-6-1996, p.A10)
------------------------------
1-1-1999
Luxembourg along with 10 other European Union nations made the transition to the new Euro monetary system.
(SFC, 1-1-1999, p.A8)
------------------------------
14-1-1999
The EU voted against censure after EU Pres. Jacques Santer of Luxembourg pledged to impose a reform program to prevent fraud.
(SFC, 1/15/99, p.A15)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Santer)
-----------------------------

31-5-2000
In Luxembourg Neji Bejaoui, an unemployed Tunisian immigrant, took 37 children and 3 teachers hostage in Wasserbillig. Police posing as journalists shot and wounded the hostage-taker after a 30-hour standoff. No one else was injured.
   (SFC, 1-6-2000, p.A17)(SFC, 2-6-2000, p.A14)(SFC, 3-6-2000, p.A14)
------------------------------

Sep 2000        
Grand Duke Jean planned to abdicate in favor of his eldest son Prince Henri.
   (SFC, 12/25/99, p.A14)
------------------------------

7-10-2000
Grand Duke of Luxembourg = Henri  
  (b. 1955)
------------------------------
24-6-2002  
Death of  Pierre Werner (88), Luxembourg Prime Minister from 1959-1974 and 1979-1984.
He was hailed as the “father of the euro” for his 1970 plan for a common European currency.
   (SFC, 25-6-2002  , p.A20)
------------------------------
6-11-2002  
In Luxembourg a twin-engine Fokker-50 plane crashed in fog as it approached Findel Airport, killing 17 people and seriously injuring five others.
   (AP, 6-11-2002   )(WSJ, 7-11-2002   , p.A1)
------------------------------
29-4-2003  
The leaders of France, Germany, Belgium and Luxembourg, all critics of the U.S.-led war on Iraq, agreed to beef up their military cooperation in an effort to make Europe's defense less reliant on the US.
   (AP, 29-4-2003)
------------------------------
10-9-2004  
European finance ministers chose Luxembourg PM Jean-Claude Juncker to represent the group of 12 European Union countries that share the euro currency.
   (AP, 10-9-2004)
------------------------------
7-7-2005
Luxembourg PM Jean-Claude Juncker asked his citizens to pass a referendum in favor of the EU Constitution.
   (WSJ, 8-7-2005, p.A5)
------------------------------
10-7-2005  
Luxembourg voters ratified the EU’s proposed constitution referendum.
   (AP, 10-7-2005)

------------------------------


2005      
Luxembourg’s gross domestic product (GDP) for this year was $69,800, making it the richest country in the world by this measure.
   (SSFC, 17-12-2006, p.G5)
------------------------------
25-6-2006    
Arcelor, based in Luxembourg, accepted Mittal Steel's 27-billion-euro ($34 billion) partnership offer. The new group, would be owned 50.6% by Arcelor shareholders and 49.4% by those of Mittal, of which 43% would be controlled by the Mittal family of India.
   (AP, 26-6-2006)(Econ, 1-7-2006, p.56)
------------------------------
28-9-2008
The governments of Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg took partial control of struggling bank Fortis NV.
   (AP, 29-9-2008)
------------------------------

4-12-2008  
The Luxembourg-based European Court of First Instance said EU governments "violated the rights of defense" of the People's Mujahedeen Organization of Iran (PMOI), and that the EU nations have not provided sufficient proof to blacklist the group.
   (AP, 4-12-2008)
------------------------------
15-1-2009    
A Luxembourg court ordered Swiss bank UBS AG to pay French financial company Oddo & Cie euro30 million ($40 million) it had invested in a fund linked to the alleged fraud perpetrated by US financier Bernard Madoff.
   (AP, 15-1-2009 )
------------------------------
19-10-2009
The EU agreed to give the dairy sector an extra $420 million in special aid in an effort to quell a season of unrest in agriculture.
Meanwhile angry farmer pelted riot police with eggs and buckets of milk in uxembourg.
   (SFC, 20-10-2009 , p.A2)
------------------------------

21-1-2010
A Dutch airlift brought 106 children from quake-ravaged Haiti to new lives in the Netherlands and Luxembourg, as anxious families waited to hug children they had been in the process of adopting for months.
   (AP, 21-1-2010 )
------------------------------

18-1-2011
A Luxembourg official said the country will invest a large sum in Burkina Faso to help alleviate poverty in the landlocked West African nation.
   (AP, 18-1-2011 )
------------------------------

9-10-2011    
The governments of Belgium, France and Luxembourg said they had approved a plan for the future of embattled bank Dexia, but they offered no details. France and Belgium became part owners of the bank during a euro6 billion ($7.8 billion) 2008 bailout. They have promised to ensure that no Dexia depositors lose money. Luxembourg held a smaller stake. The cost of the bailout to French taxpayers was about €6.6 billion.
   (AP, 9-10-2011  )(Econ, 16-11-2013  , p.77)
------------------------------
20-2-2013  
The Czech Agriculture and Food Inspection Authority said DNA tests showed two batches of frozen Nowaco Lasagne Bolognese in a branch of the Tesco supermarket chain in the western city of Pilsen contained horsemeat.
Luxembourg was listed as the country of origin.
   (Reuters, 20-2-2013)
------------------------------

11-7-2013        
Luxembourg’s PM Jean-Claude Juncker resigned amid a spying and corruption scandal following revelations that the nation’s former spy chief had taped official meetings with a recorder disguised as a wrist watch.
   (Reuters, 11-7-2013)(SFC, 7/13/13, p.A2)
------------------------------

20-10-2013    
Luxembourgers voted for a new government with a possibility of keeping PM Jean-Claude Juncker in power after a spying scandal forced early elections. The conservative Christian Social People's Party (CSV) of PM Jean-Claude Juncker led the field with 33.7% of the vote -- against 38% four years ago.
   (AP, 10/20/13)(AFP, 10/20/13)
------------------------------
25-10-2013  
In Luxembourg:  The Royal Palace declared that Xavier Bettel has been asked to form the next government.

------------------------------

4-12-2013
Prime minister = Xavier Bettel  (b. 1973)
Before that He was the mayor of Luxembourg City.
He has no care with relegions and  He is homo-sexual.
----------------------

11-7-2015
(CS) Fitch Ratings has kept its AAA rating of Luxembourg with a stable outlook unchanged
Luxembourg has also been rated AAA with a stable outlook by Standard & Poor's and Moody's.
This makes Luxembourg a part of an exclusive club of only nine countries to hold a triple AAA.

The nine countries are:
Australia
Canada
Denmark
Germany
Norway
Singapore
Sweden
Switzerland
Luxembourg
=================================