1510 Jan 22, Jews were expelled from Colmar, Germany.
(MC, 1/22/02)
1510 May 25, Georges d'Amboise (49), French cardinal, viceroy in North Italy, died.
(SC, 5/25/02)
1510 Jun 9, Nicolaas van Nieuwland, corrupt 1st bishop of Harlem, was born.
(MC, 6/9/02)
1510 Jul 19, In Berlin 38 Jews were burned at the stake.
(MC, 7/19/02)
1510 Oct 28, Francisco Borgia was born. He was the grandson of debauched Pope Alexander VI, and became a theologian and saint.
(MC, 10/28/01)
1510 Bernard Pallissy (d.1590), French ceramicist, painter and writer, was born.
(
www.getty.edu/art/gettyguide/artMakerDetails?maker=867&page=1)1510 Giovanni Bellini painted “Virgin With the Blessing Child.”
(WSJ, 8/3/06, p.D5)
1510 Raphael painted "The Triumph of Galatea," a fresco on the wall of the Farnesina, the villa of Agnostino Chigi.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)
c1510 Alexander Barcley wrote his long poetic essay on the "Miseries of Courtiers." It described the psychology of feasting.
(MT, 6/96, p.9)
1510 In Spain Garci Ordonez de Montalvo authored "Serges de Esplandian" (The Adventures of Esplandian), a novel that described an island filled with gold named California and ruled by Queen Califia.
(SFEC, 4/18/99, BR p.1)(SFC, 2/25/00, p.C14)
1510 Juan de la Cosa, cartographer, made an early map of the New World.
(SFEC, 2/14/99, p.T11)
1510 "Everyman," the first English morality play, was performed.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)
1510 John Colet, English churchman and humanist, founded St. Paul’s School in London.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)
1510 Erasmus became Prof. of Greek at Cambridge Univ.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)
1510 Martin Luther became professor of theology at the Univ. of Wittenberg.
(V.D.-H.K.p.163)
1510 Sunflowers from America were introduced by the Spaniards into Europe.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)
1510 The Florentine banker Bartolomeo di Marchionni lent the King of Spain money for the crown’s first shipment of Africans to Santo Domingo.
(SFEC,11/16/97, BR p.4)
1510 Slave trade began with a consignment of African slaves to work on Portuguese sugar plantations in Brazil.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)
1510 In China Liu Jin, a eunuch of the Ming dynasty, was executed for abusing his authority. He had grown wealthy from graft.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R4)
1510 War broke out between Denmark and the Hanseatic League.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)
1510 Goa, India, was captured by the Portuguese.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)
1510 The wheel-lock firearm was introduced in Nurnberg, Germany.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)
1510 Leonardo da Vinci designed the horizontal water wheel that was the forerunner of the modern water turbine.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)
1510 Giorgione (b.~1478), Italian painter, died of the plague. He was a top student of Bellini and excelled in the paragone: a competition between painting an poetry, where painters sought to rival poets in conveying beauty. Titian finished Giorgione’s “Sleeping Venus.”
(T&L, 10/80, p. 58)(WSJ, 12/4/97, p.A20)(Econ, 7/29/06, p.77)
1510-1515 Don Pedro Fajardo y Chacon, commissioned a set of wood friezes for his Velez Blanco castle in Almeria. The friezes were based on engravings by Jacopo da Strasbourg and Zoan Andrea Vavasorri that depicted the triumphs of Caesar and events in the mythical life of Hercules, the "Labors of Hercules."
(WSJ, 1/6/00, p.A20)(WSJ, 5/18/00, p.A24)
1510-1550 Spain took in gold shipments from the New World at 3,000 pounds a year.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R49)
1510-1572 Frances Clouet, French painter. His work included the dandified "Charles IX of France."
(SFEC, 12/1/96, BR p.4)
1511 Jul 30, Giorgio Vasari (d.1574), Italy, painter, architect and art historian (Vasari's Lives), was born. He wrote "Lives of the Artists."
(WUD, 1994, p.1582)(MC, 7/30/02)
1511 Sep 1, Council of Pisa opened. Louis XII of France called the council to oppose the Holy League of Pope Julius II.
(PTA, 1980, p.432)(MC, 9/1/02)
1511 Nov 22, Erasmus Reinhold, German mathematician (calculated planetary table), was born.
(MC, 11/22/01)
1511 Fra Bartolomeo painted "The Mystic Marriage of St. Catherine." He emphasizing his mastery in the display of draperies.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)
1511 Raphael completed the frescoes in the Stanza della Segnatura in the Vatican for Pope Julius II.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)
1511 There were Jews in Thessaloniki, Greece involved in the printing.
(WSJ, 4/29/97, p.A20)
1511 Sebastian Virdung, German musician, published the earliest manual for playing musical instruments.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)
1511 Pope Julius joined the Holy League with Aragon and Venice against the French. Papal forces captured Modena and Mirandola from the French.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)
1511 In Mecca, Arabia, there was an attempt to ban coffee.
(Econ, 12/20/03, p.90)
1511 Portuguese sailors first reached the unsettled Mascarene Islands (Mauritius, Reunion and Rodrigues). They discovered the dodo bird and killed many for sport.
(NH, 11/96, p.24)(SSFC, 12/9/01, p.C9)
1511 Vasily III became the new patriarch of Moscow.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)
1511 Malacca (Melaka), the center of East Indian spice trade, was captured by the Portuguese. When the Dutch gained influence in Indonesia and Jakarta they took over Melaka and built the fortress A Famosa.
(TL-MB, p.10)(SFEC, 8/3/97, p.T8)
1511 Portuguese traders reached the Banda Islands, including Run, and broke the Venetian monopoly over nutmeg. Over the next century the Dutch muscled in an almost cornered the nutmeg market. The history of the nutmeg trade was documented in 1999 by Giles Milton in his: "Nathaniel's Nutmeg."
(WSJ, 5/21/99, p.W7)
1511 King Ferdinand of Spain said: "Get gold, humanely if possible, but at all hazards – get gold."
(WSJ, 11/9/00, p.A24)
1511 Diego de Velazquez, Spanish commander, occupied Cuba.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)
1512 Feb 22, Amerigo Vespucci (b.1451), Italian explorer, died in Seville, Spain.
(http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15384b.htm)
1512 Mar 5, Gerardus Mercator (d.1594), Flemish philosopher and cartographer, was born in Rupelmonde, Flanders (later Belgium).
(
www.navis.gr/men/mercator.htm)1512 Apr 10, James V, king of Scotland (1513-42), was born.
(PCh, 1992, p.167)(MC, 4/10/02)
1512 Apr 11, The forces of the Holy League were heavily defeated by the French at the Battle of Ravenna. France under Gaston de Foix beat the Spanish Army. Gaston de Foix, French pretender to Navarre throne, died in battle.
(HN, 4/11/99)(MC, 4/11/02)
1512 Aug 31, Giuliano de Medici became the new governor of Florence.
(ON, 11/04, p.3)
1512 Nov 1, Michelangelo's paintings on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel were completed and first exhibited to the public.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)(AP, 11/1/97)(HN, 11/1/98)
1512 Nov 7, Giuliano de Medici fired Niccolo Machiavelli from civil service in Florence.
(ON, 11/04, p.4)
1512 Nov 16, Jemme Herjuwsma, Fries rebel, was beheaded.
(MC, 11/16/01)
1512 Nov 17, Kempo Roeper, Frisian rebel, was quartered.
(MC, 11/17/01)
1512 Dec 27, The laws of Burgos gave New World natives legal protection against abuse and authorized Negro slavery.
(HN, 12/27/98)
1512 Raphael completed the Sistine Madonna, a visual expression of Renaissance humanism.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)
1512 "Masque" was used for the first time to describe a poetic drama.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)
1512 Julius II convened the Lateran Council to try for the first time to reform abuses within the Church of Rome.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)
1512 Shi’ism became the state religion of Persia.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)
1512 French armies defeated the forces of the Holy League at the Battle of Ravenna.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)
1512 Henry VIII claimed the throne of France and sent troops unsuccessfully into Spain.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)
1512 Ponce de Leon stepped ashore on the Turks and Caicos Islands.
(SFEC, 2/14/99, p.T4)
1512 Portuguese explorers discovered the Celebes and found nutmeg trees in the Moluccas. This began an 84-year monopoly of the nutmeg and mace trades.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)
1512 The Portuguese took over control of East Timor.
(SFC, 3/3/98, p.A6)
1512 The Spaniards conquered Navarre and annexed it to Castile.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)(Econ, 6/26/04, Survey p.13)
1512 Selim I deposed his father Bayazid II and became Sultan of Turkey.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)
1512 The English began using double-deck warships. They displaced 1,000 tons and were armed with 70 guns.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)
1512 Newfoundland cod banks were exploited by fisherman from England, France, Portugal and Holland, who sent the dried catch back to Europe.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)
1512 Spain imported black slaves to Hispaniola to replace moribund Indian laborers.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)
1512-1520 Selim I followed Beyazid II in the Ottoman House of Osman.
(Ot, 1993, xvii)
1513 Feb 20, Pope Julius II died. He was laid in rest in a huge tomb sculptured by Michelangelo.
(HN, 2/20/99)
1513 Mar 6, Niccolo Machiavelli was released from jail in Florence. He complained in verse that it was difficult to write poetry there because people kept beating him up.
(ON, 11/04, p.4)
1513 Mar 11, Giovanni de' Medici became Pope Leo X. The Medici Pope Leo X led the Catholic Church until 1521.
(OG)(MC, 3/12/02)
1513 Mar 27, Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de Leon sighted Florida.
(AP, 3/27/97)(HN, 3/27/98)
1513 Apr 2, Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de Leon landed in Florida. Juan Ponce de Leon, Spanish explorer, discovered Florida and planted orange and lemon trees there. [see March 27, 1512 entry] He also discovered the Dry Tortugas, 10 small keys southwest of Key West. The Spanish governor of Puerto Rico, Juan Ponce de Leon, discovered Florida and named it Pascua Florida, "feast of the flowers." His discovery was made during his search for the legendary Fountain of Youth.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)(NH, 4/97, p.317)(AP, 4/2/97)(SFEC, 1/2/00, Z1 p.2)(HNQ, 3/9/00)
1513 Apr 8, Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de Leon and his expedition began exploring the Florida coastline.
(AP, 4/8/07)
1513 Jun 6, Battle at Novara: Habsburgers vs. Valois.
(MC, 6/6/02)
1513 Aug 16, Henry VIII of England and Emperor Maximilian defeated the French at Guinegatte, France, in the Battle of the Spurs.
(HN, 8/16/98)
1513 Sep 9, James IV (40), King of Scotland (1488-1513), was defeated and killed by English at the Battle of Flodden Field. The Scottish navy was sold to France.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)(HN, 9/9/98)(MC, 9/9/01)
1513 Sept 25, Vasco Nunez de Balboa, Spanish explorer, crossed the Isthmus of Panama and claimed the Pacific Ocean for Spain. He was named governor of Panama and the Pacific by King Ferdinand. In 2004 Hugh Thomas authored “Rivers of Gold: The Rise of the Spanish Empire from Columbus to Magellan.”
(HFA, '96, p.38)(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)(SFEC, 9/21/97, p.C7)(WSJ, 6/2/04, p.D12)
1513 Sep 29, Spanish explorer Vasco Nunez de Balboa discovered the Pacific Ocean.
(HN, 9/29/98)
1513 Michelangelo began to work on his Moses, the awesome central figure of the statues surrounding the tomb of Julius II.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)
1513 Niccolo Machiavelli wrote "The Prince" in which he gave reasons for the rise and fall of states. He dedicated it to Lorenzo de Medici, the successor to Giuliano. It was not published until 1532. In it he justified the ruthless subjection of religion and morality to politics. A 1998 translation by Prof. Angelo M. Codevilla included 428 footnotes and attempted to maintain the peculiar language of Machiavelli.
(WSJ, 2/18/98, p.A20)(WSJ, 2/27/98, p.A15)(ON, 11/04, p.5)
1513 Chartres Cathedral, near Paris, was completed after almost 400 years of work.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)
1513 The Palazzo Farnese, a large and magnificent palace in Rome, was designed by Antonio de Sangallo the younger and Michelangelo.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)
1513 Calusa Indians in catamaran canoes attacked Spanish ships under Ponce de Leon in the southwest Florida and both sides suffered casualties.
(AM, 11/04, p.49)
1513 Henry VIII and Maximilian defeated the French forces in Italy and Louis XII gave up Milan.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)
1513 Christian II became King of Denmark and Norway. He later asserted his right to the Swedish throne by force of arms.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)
1513 Jorge Alvarez, Portuguese commander, reached Canton, China.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)
1513 Portugal captured Goa, India.
(SSFC, 3/19/06, p.F7)
1513 Magellan, who served for the Portuguese on many expeditions, was wounded in a campaign against the Moroccan stronghold of Azamor. The wound caused him to limp for the rest of his life.
(HNQ, 10/9/00)
1513 The Swiss completed the acquisition of the southern province of Ticino.
(SFEC, 6/14/98, p.T4)
1513 A manuscript map was drawn by Piri Reis (1470-1554) a Turkish captain who later became the Chief Admiral of the Ottoman Navy. It was presented to Ottoman Sultan Selim I in Egypt in 1517.
(http://turkeyinmaps.com/piri.html)(
www.prep.mcneese.edu/engr/engr321/preis/afet/afet2.htm)1513-1514 Dosso Dossi painted his portrait of "Saint George."
(WSJ, 1/20/98, p.A20)
1514 Apr 26, Copernicus made his first observations of Saturn. Nicholas Copernicus later proposed that the sun is stationary and that the earth and the planets move in circular orbits around it.
(HN, 4/26/98)(BHT, Hawking, p.4)
1514 Aug 23, Selim I (the Grim), Ottoman Sultan, routed a Persian army in the Battle of Chaldiran.
(TL-MB, p.10)(PCh, 1992, p.168)
1514 Sep 15, Selim I entered Tabriz, Persia, and massacred much of the population.
(PCh, 1992, p.168)
1514 Sep, Thomas Wolsey (1473-1530) was appointed archbishop of York.
(TL-MB, p.10)
1514 Dec 4, Richard Hunne, English "heretic", allegedly committed suicide.
(MC, 12/4/01)
1514 Dec 31, Andreas Vesalius (d.1564), anatomist, author of "De Humani Corporis Fabrica," was born in Brussels, Belgium
(NH, 10/96, p.34)(TL-MB, 1988, p.15)(MC, 12/31/01)
1514 Giovanni Bellini painted “Feast of the Gods.” The painting depicts Ovid’s tale of how Vesta, goddess of virginity is approached while sleeping by Priapus, god of fertility, who begins to twitch up her tunic. At that moment a donkey sneezes and awakens Vesta, who quickly awakes and runs away. It is now on exhibit at the National Gallery of Art in Wa., DC.
(T&L, 10/1980, p.66)(WSJ, 8/3/06, p.D5)
1514 Diego Columbus, son of Christopher, built the first seat of government in the Americas in Santo Domingo.
(SFEC, 2/14/99, p.T10)
1514 Hampton Court Palace was begun for Wolsey.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)
1514 Pope Leo X issued a papal bull against slavery.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)
1514 England and France declared a truce in their warfare. Mary Tudor, sister of Henry VIII, married Louis XII.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)
1514 At the Battle of Orsha, Lithuanian forces defeated those of Moscow.
(SFC, 9/9/96, p.A12)
1514 Vasily III, ruler of Moscow, captured Smolensk from Poland.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)
1514 George Dozsa, soldier of fortune, instigated a peasant’s revolt in Hungary. He was later captured and grilled alive.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)
1514 Spanish soldiers conquered the natives of Cuba.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)
1514 1,500 Spanish settlers went to Panama.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)
1515 Feb 4, Michael Radvila the Black was born in Nesvizh. He later became palatine of Vilnius, chancellor of Lithuania, and supporter of Reformation.
(LHC, 2/4/03)
1515 Mar 28, Theresa of Avila (d.1582), Teresa de Jesus (St. Theresa), Spanish Carmelite nun, mystic writer, saint, was born. She initiated reforms in the Order. She co-founded with John of the Cross (1542-1591) the Order of Discalced (barefoot) Carmelites. "Untilled ground, however rich, will bring forth thistles and thorns; so also the mind of man." "To wish to act like angels while we are still in this world is nothing but folly."
(CU, 6/87)(WUD, 1994, p.769)(AP, 12/8/97)(AP, 7/5/98)(MC, 3/28/02)
1515 Jul 21, St. Philippus Nerius, [Philippo Neri], Italian merchant, priest, was born.
(MC, 7/21/02)
1515 Jul 22, Emperor Maximillian and Vladislav of Bohemia forged an alliance between the Habsburg [Austria] and Jagiello [Polish-Lithuanian] dynasties in Vienna.
(HN, 7/22/98)
1515 Jul 26, Santiago, Cuba, was founded.
(SFC, 7/22/00, p.A17)
1515 Sep 13, King Francis of France defeated the Swiss army under Cardinal Matthias Schiner at Marignano, northern Italy. Switzerland was last involved in a war. French armies defeated the Swiss and Venetians at the Battle of Marignano and Milan fell to the French. Francis I conquered Lombardy in northern Italy.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)(SFC, 6/7/96, p.A12)(HN, 9/13/98)
1515 Sep 22, Anne of Cleeves, fourth wife of Henry the VIII, was born in Cleeves, Germany.
(HN, 9/22/00)
1515 Oct 4, Lucas Cranach (d.1586), the Younger, German painter, was born.
(WUD, 1994, p.339)(MC, 10/4/01)
1515 Nov 15, Thomas Wolsey (1473-1530), archbishop of York, was made a cardinal.
(http://www.britainunlimited.com/Biogs/Wolsey.htm)
1515 Dec 2, Gonzalo de Cordoba, Spanish general, strategist, viceroy of Naples, died.
(MC, 12/2/01)
1515 Dec 24, Thomas Cardinal Wolsey was appointed English Lord Chancellor.
(MC, 12/24/01)
1515 Giovanni Bellini (b.~1430-1516), Italian artist, painted his masterpiece “Lady With a Mirror.
(Econ, 7/29/06, p.77)
1515 Hans Holbein the Younger arrived in Basel, the European center of book publishing. The city in 1997 owned 340 prints by Holbein.
(WSJ, 6/24/97, p.A20)
1515 Alexander Barclay began composing his "Eclogues," the earliest pastoral poems in English.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)
1515 John Skelton’s "Magnyficense" became one of the best known morality plays.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)
1515 Raphael succeeded Bramante as chief architect of St. Peter’s in Rome.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)
1515 Matthias Grunewald completed the enormous altarpiece for the Antonites of Isenheim.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)
1515 Petrus Apianus, German mathematician and instrument maker, attempted to explain the universe by crafting an artistic dial that tracked the movement of the stars.
(SFC, 7/19/02, p.E3)
1515 King Louis XII, France, died and was succeeded by Francis I.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)
1515 Bartolome de Las Casas, Dominican priest, returned to Spain from Hispaniola to plead on behalf of the ill-treated native Indians.
(NH, 10/96, p.29)
1515 Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de Leon first described the Gulf Stream. In 1770 Benjamin Franklin drew a map of the Gulf Stream and in 1786 described it in detail in Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. In 2008 Stan Ulanski authored “The Gulf Stream: Tiny Plankton, Giant Bluefin, and the Amazing Story of the Powerful River in the Atlantic.”
(WSJ, 10/4/08, p.W9)
1515 By this year the Taino Indians of what is now the Dominican Republic were practically annihilated in clashes with the Spanish.
(SFC, 3/29/97, p.A10)
1515 Afonso d’Albuquerque, Viceroy of the Portuguese Indies, captured Hormuz (Ormuz) and forced all other traders to round the Cape of Good Hope. This established Portugal’s supremacy in trade with the Far East. Hormuz is the strait between Iran and Trucial Oman.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)(WUD, 1994, p.684)
1515 Juan Diaz de Solis, Spanish navigator, reached the Rio de la Plata in South America and discovered Argentina.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)
1515 The first nationalized French factories were set up in the manufacture of tapestries and arms.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)
1515 Spanish conquistadores founded Havana, Cuba.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)
1515 Bartolome de Las Casas (1474-1566), Dominican priest and the first Spanish priest to be ordained in the New World, returned to Spain from Hispaniola to plead on behalf of the ill-treated native Indians. He became known as the “Apostle to the Indians.” Helen Rand Parish (1912-2005) later authored a number of seminal works on Las Casas.
(NH, 10/96, p.29)(TL-MB, p.11)(SSFC, 5/15/05, p.A19)(http://tinyurl.com/brzzu)
1515-1516 Dosso Dossi, court painter in Ferrara, painted "Melissa" (aka Circe).
(WSJ, 1/20/98, p.A20)
1515-1519 Coffee from Arabia appeared in Europe.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R49)
1515-1520 In Portugal the Belem Tower was built in Lisbon and served as a beacon to sailors. It originally stood well in the water but now the Tagus laps only its base.
(SFEC, 2/1/98, p.T7)
1516 Feb 18, Mary Tudor, later Queen Mary I of England (1553-1558) and popularly known as "Bloody Mary," was born in Greenwich Palace.
(HN, 2/18/98)(AP, 2/18/98)
1516 Feb 23, The Hapsburg Charles I succeeded Ferdinand in Spain.
(HN, 2/23/99)
1516 Mar 17, Giuliano de' Medici (37), monarch of Florence, died.
(MC, 3/17/02)
1516 Mar 26, Konrad von Gesner, naturalist (Bibliotheca Universalis), was born in Zurich, Switzerland.
(SS, 3/26/02)
1516 Apr 10, Jews were compelled to live in a specific area of Venice.
(MC, 4/10/02)
1516 Aug 24, At the Battle of Marjdabik, north of Aleppo, the Turks beat Syria. Suliman I, the Ottoman Sultan, routed the Mamelukes (Egypt) with the support of artillery capturing Aleppo and Damascus.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)(PC, 1992, p.169)
1516 Mateo Realdo Colombo (d.1559), Italian anatomist and discoverer of the pulmonary circulation, was born at Cremona. He studied medicine at Padua with Vesalius, became his assistant, and in 1544 succeeded him as lecturer in surgery and anatomy. The best authority for Colombo's work in anatomy is his "De Re Anatomicâ" (Venice, 1559; Paris, 1562). The most complete life is that by Tollin in Pflügers Archiv: XXI-XXII. In English there is a good sketch by Fisher, Annals of Anatomy and Surgery (Brooklyn, 1880). In 1997 Federico Andahazi authored "The Anatomist," a novel that was based on Colombo’s research on the clitoris.
(CE, online)(SFEC, 10/29/00, BR p.5)
1516 Hans Holbein in Basel painted a wooden shingle as a sort of advertisement for the schoolmaster Oswald Geishüsler. It marked the beginning of "profane" painting in the West.
(WSJ, 6/24/97, p.A20)
1516 Titian began "The Assumption of the Virgin," a monumental altarpiece in the Church of the Frari, Venice.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)
1516 Giovanni Bellini (b.~1430), Italian artist, died in Venice. Giorgione and Titian had graduated from his workshop.
(Econ, 7/29/06, p.77)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Bellini)
1516 The first published account of the discovery of North America appeared in "De Rebus Oceanicus et Novo Orbe" by the Italian historian Peter Martyr.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)
1516 Erasmus published his version of the New Testament. He began by copying manuscripts found in monasteries and given to him by his friend Thomas More. His Latin translation and commentary and an improved Greek text differed in many places from the Vulgate of St. Jerome, and was immediately recognized as the most accurate translation so far.
(V.D.-H.K.p.159)
1516 Thomas More published his "Utopia," the "golden little book" that invented a literary-world immune from the evils of Europe, where all citizens were equal and believed in a good and just God. "Your sheep, which are usually so tame and cheaply fed, begin now... to be so greedy and so wild that they devour human beings themselves and devastate and depopulate fields, houses, and towns." From More’s Utopia. The key thought in the work is that poverty, injustice and inequality will never be eliminated from the world until private property is abolished.
(V.D.-H.K.p.160)(NG, 5.1988, pp. 574)(WSJ, 10/22/98, p.A20)
1516 The German Quedlinburg Manuscript of this date and other church treasures were stolen from a cave where they were being stored in 1945 by Lt. Joe Tom Meador of Whitewright, Texas. The items were then sold by his brother and sister. In 1996 a criminal trial focused on the issue.
(WSJ, 12/11/96, p.A20)
1516 Music printed from engraved plates was used for the first time in Italy.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)
1516 Archduke Charles, later Emp. Charles V, succeeded his grandfather, King Ferdinand II of Spain, and founded the Hapsburg dynasty.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)
1516 The Treaty of Noyon brought peace between France and Spain.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)
1516 In Bavaria, Germany, the Reinheitsgebot law was enacted. It required that beer be made from malt, hops, yeast, water and nothing else.
(WSJ, 5/27/98, p.A1)(SFC, 7/15/04, p.A2)
1516 Corpus Christi College, Oxford, and Seville Univ., Spain, were founded.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)
1516 Juan Diaz de Solis, Spanish explorer, was killed on the coast of Argentina. He was eaten by natives.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)(SFEM, 11/15/98, p.26)
1517 Jan 22, Ottoman Turks under Selim sacked Cairo. The sharif of Mecca soon surrendered to the Turks and Selim took the title of caliph. Selim left Egypt under the rule of the Mameluke beys.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)(MC, 1/22/02)(PCh, 1992, p.169)
1517 Mar 26, The famous Flemish composer Heinrich Issac, whose music fused Flemish, Italian and Germanic styles, died.
(HN, 3/26/99)
1517 Apr 13, Tuman Bey, the last Mameluke sultan of Egypt, was hanged as Osman’s army occupied Cairo.
(MC, 4/13/02)
1517 Jun 11, Sir Thomas Pert reached Hudson Bay.
(SC, 6/11/02)
1517 Jul 1, The 1st burning of Protestants at stake in Netherlands.
(MC, 7/1/02)
1517 Oct 6, Fra Bartolommeo (b.1472), Florentine Renaissance painter, died. He was a Dominican monk nicknamed Baccio della Porta. His work included a portrait of Savonarola.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fra_Bartolommeo)(SFC, 5/13/96, p.D-5)
1517 Oct 31, Martin Luther nailed his Ninety-five Thesis to the door of the Wittenberg Palace All Saints’ Church. He grew to believe in faith alone as man’s link to the justice of God, and therefore denied the need for the vast infrastructure of the Church. This event signaled the beginning of the Protestant Reformation in Germany and Protestantism in general, shattering the external structure of the medieval church and at the same time reviving the religious consciousness of Europe.. Martin Luther (1483-1546) was born in Eisleben, Germany. He was a monk in the Catholic Church until 1517, when he founded the Lutheran Church.
(V.D.-H.K.p.163)(CU, 6/87)(SFC, 7/21/97, p.A11)(AP, 10/31/97)(AP, 10/31/97) (HN, 10/31/98)
1517 Oct, Ferdinand Magellan arrived in Spain and began the first voyage to successfully circumnavigate the world a little less than two years later. He eventually died in the Philippines in 1521. The expedition was completed by others in 1522.
(HNQ, 10/9/00)
1517 Seville Cathedral was completed after 115 years of work.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)
1517 Archduke Charles left the Netherlands for Spain and entered Valladolid in triumph.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)
1517 Archduke Charles granted a monopoly in the African slave trade to Florentine merchants.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)
1517 Francisco Hernandez de Cordoba, Spanish explorer, sailed from Cuba and discovered the Mayan civilization in the Yucatan, southeast Mexico.
(TL-MB, p.11)(SSFC, 5/6/01, p.T6)
1517 Bartolomeo de las Casas, the first Spanish priest to be ordained in the New World, pleaded the case of oppressed and enslaved American Indians.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)
1517 An Aztec chronicler described a comet as a "flaming ear of corn."
(NG, 12/97, p.97)
1517 The Mamelukes in Egypt lost power.
(WUD, 1994, p.869)
1517 In Germany the Salzbergwerk Berchtesgaden salt mine began operations.
(SSFC, 8/6/06, p.G5)
1517 Portuguese sailors named Ilha Formosa (beautiful island), later known as Taiwan.
(SFC, 12/11/99, p.B6)
1518 Sep 29, Jacopo Tintoretto (d.1588), Italian artist, was born.
(Econ, 2/10/07, p.90)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tintoretto)
1518 Oct 12, A pontifical ambassador interrogated Rev. Dr. Martin Luther. Luther was summoned to the Diet of Augsburg where he refused to recant.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)(MC, 10/12/01)
1518 Raphael painted a portrait of Leo X which showed spectacles with concave lenses for short-sightedness.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)
1518 Raphael began painting the nude model “La Fornarina” (the Little Baker Girl). It was completed about 1519.
(
www.abcgallery.com/R/raphael/raphael58.html)1518 Titian painted "Offering to Venus."
(NH, 6/01, p.47)
1518 Gil Vicente, founder of Portuguese drama, wrote "The Ship of Purgatory."
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)
1518 Ulrich Zwingli, a Swiss clergyman, supported Martin Luther’s Reformation.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)
1518 Forks were used at a banquet in Venice (for the first time?).
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)
1518 Portugal and the Kingdom of Kotte, Ceylon, signed a peace treaty.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)
1518 Cardinal Wolsey arranged the Peace of London between England, France, the Pope, Maximilian I and Spain.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)
1518 Algiers and Tunis, Barbary states in North Africa, were founded.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)
1518 Henry VIII authorized a college of physicians and it was founded by Oxford physician Thomas Linacre.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)
1518 Porcelain from Asia was imported to Europe (for the first time?) from Asia.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)
1518 Anthony Blatner, German goldsmith, built the first fire-engine in Augsburg, Germany.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)
1518 Vasco Nunez de Balboa, Spanish explorer, was wrongly charged with treason and beheaded.
(SFEC, 9/21/97, p.C7)
1518 Juan de Grijalva, Spanish explorer, named the area comprising of Mexico, Central America north of Panama, the Spanish West Indies, and south-west North America New Spain. He was also the first European to smoke tobacco, introduced to him by a native chief.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)
1518 Lorens de Gominot obtained a license to import 4,000 African slaves into the New World colonies.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)
1519 Jan 12, Maximilian I of Hapsburg (59), Holy Roman Emperor and German Kaiser, died.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)(AP, 1/12/98)(PC, 1992, p.170)
1519 Feb 15, Pedro Menendez de Aviles, explorer (found St. Augustine, Florida), was born.
(MC, 2/15/02)
1519 Feb 16, Gaspard de Coligny, Huguenot leader, French admiral, was born.
(MC, 2/16/02)
1519 Mar 13, The Spaniards under Cortez landed at Vera Cruz. Cortez landed in Mexico with 10 stallions, 5 mares and a foal. Smallpox was carried to America in the party of Hernando Cortes.
(SFC, 9/2/96, p.A3)(HN, 3/13/98)(SFC, 10/19/01, p.A17)(SSFC, 5/6/01, p.T6)
1519 Apr 13, Catherine de Medicis (d.1589), the daughter of Lorenzo de Medici, was born in Florence. She married at age 14 and became queen in 1547 as Henry II of France acceded to the throne. She was the mother of Francis II, Charles IX, and Henry III.
(
www.hyperhistory.com/online_n2/people_n2/women_n2/c_medici.html)1519 Apr 24, Envoys of Montezuma II attended the first Easter mass in Central America.
(HN, 4/24/98)
1519 Apr, Montezuma received a message that white strangers had reappeared and attacked a Mayan coastal village south of the Aztec border. Hundreds of Mayans were killed and the strangers sailed north.
(ON, 10/00, p.2)
1519 May 2, Artist Leonardo da Vinci (67) died at Cloux, France. In 1994 A. Richard Turner wrote "Inventing Leonardo," a history of Leonardo legends. In 2004 Bulent Atalay authored “Math and the Mona Lisa: The Art and Science of Leonardo da Vinci.” In 2004 Charles Nicholl authored “Leonard da Vinci: The Flights of the Mind.”
http://library.thinkquest.org/13681/data/davin2.shtml?tqskip=1 (AP, 5/2/97)(NH, 5/97, p.58)(Econ, 5/15/04, p.80)(Econ, 12/11/04, p.81)
1519 Jun 24, Lucretia Borgia (39), daughter of Pope Alexander VI, died. In 2004 Sarah Bradford authored “Lucrezia Borgia: Life, Love and Death in Renaissance Italy.”
(HN, 4/18/98)(WUD, 1994, p.171)(SSFC, 12/19/04, p.E2)
1519 Jul 6, Charles of Spain was elected Holy Roman emperor in Barcelona. The Catholic heir to the Hapsburg dynasty, Charles V, was elected Holy Roman Emperor, combining the crowns of Spain, Burgundy (with the Netherlands), Austria and Germany. He was the grandson of Ferdnand and Isabella of Spain.
(V.D.-H.K.p.162)(NH, 9/96, p.18)(HN, 7/6/98)
1519 Jul 16, There was a public debate between Martin Luther and theologian John Eck.
(MC, 7/16/02)
1519 Aug 11, Johann Tetzel (~79), Dominican monk, died.
(MC, 8/11/02)
1519 Aug 15, Panama City was founded.
(MC, 8/15/02)
1519 Aug, Montezuma learned that Cortez was marching toward Tenochtitlan with an army of 300 soldiers and 2000 non-Aztec Indians. Cortez was accompanied by Malinche, his Indian mistress and interpreter.
(ON, 10/00, p.2)
1519 Sep 5, In the 2nd Battle of Tehuacingo, Mexico, Hernan Cortes faced the Tlascala Aztecs.
(MC, 9/5/01)
1519 Sep 20, Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan set out from Spain with 270 men and 5 ships on a voyage to find a western passage to the Spice Islands in Indonesia. Magellan was killed en route, but one of his ships eventually circumnavigated the world. He was first European explorer to reach the Pacific Ocean from the Atlantic by sailing through the dangerous straits below South America that now bear his name. [see Sep 20, 1520]
(V.D.-H.K.p.182)(DD-EVTT, p.41)(AP, 9/20/97)(HN, 9/20/98)
1519 Sep 21, Hans Backofen (Backoffen), German sculptor, died at about 49.
(MC, 9/21/01)
1519 Nov 7, University of Leuven condemned the teachings of Rev. Martin Luther.
(MC, 11/7/01)
1519 Nov 8, The Aztec and their leader, Moctezuma, welcomed Hernando Cortez and his 650 explorers to their capital at Tenochtitlan. Spanish adventurer Hernando Cortez and his force of about 300 Spanish soldiers, 18 horses and thousands of Mexico's native inhabitants who had grown resentful of Aztec rule marched unmolested into Tenochtitlán, the capital city of the Aztec empire. The Aztec ruler Montezuma, believing that Cortez could be the white-skinned deity Quetzalcoatl, whose return had been foretold for centuries, greeted the arrival of these strange visitors with courtesy--at least until it became clear that the Spaniards were all too human and bent on conquest. Cortez and his men, dazzled by the Aztec riches and horrified by the human sacrifice central to their religion, began to systematically plunder Tenochtitlán and tear down the bloody temples. Montezuma's warriors attacked the Spaniards but with the aid of Indian allies, Spanish reinforcements, superior weapons and disease, Cortez defeated an empire of approximately 25 million people by August 13, 1521.
(ATC, p.16)(SFC, 9/2/96, p.A3) (HNPD, 11/8/98)
1519 Dec, Magellan reached the Bay of the Rio de Janeiro.
(V.D.-H.K.p.182)(DD-EVTT, p.41)
1519 Corregio began painting the ceiling frescoes in the dining room of the abbess of St. Paul’s Convent in Parma.
(SFEC, 9/15/96, p.T6)
1519 Gil Vicente, Portuguese dramatist, wrote a second farce, "The Ship of Heaven."
(TL-MB, 1988, 1988, p.11)
1519 St. George’s Chapel, Windsor, England, was completed after 46 years of work.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)
1519 The Chateau of Chombard was begun in France, and would take 30 years to finish.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)
1519 The Italian influenced medieval church at the Moscow Monastery of Peter the Metropolitan was constructed.
(AM, Jul/Aug ‘97 p.38)
1519 Nanak (1469-1539) founded Sikhism, a combination of Hinduism and Buddhism. Sikhs revere 10 gurus. "Be in the world, but not worldly."
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)(WSJ, 10/12/01, p.W17)
1519 Ulrich Zwingli initiated the Swiss Reformation with his preaching in Zurich.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)
1519 Martin Luther disputed with Johann Eck in the Leipzig Disputation and questioned the infallibility of the Pope.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)
1519 Bohemians minted silver Joachimsthalers, "thalers" for short. This was the basis for the word "dollar."
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R42)
1519 A mass-production technique for casting brass objects was used in Italy.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)
1519 Domenico de Pineda, Spanish navigator, explored the Gulf of Mexico.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)
1519 Francisco de Montejo, a captain under Cortez, set about subjugating the Maya in Mexico.
(SSFC, 5/6/01, p.T6)
1519 In Mexico Cortes discovered a plot by some Cholulans to assassinate him and ordered some 6,000 Cholulan men executed.
(SFEC, 11/8/98, p.T10)
1519 Spanish soldiers in Mexico learned that the shipwrecked sailor Gonzalo Guerrero had drifted there in 1511. Guerrero married a Maya woman and raised the first mestizo children.
(Econ, 11/10/07, p.102)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonzalo_Guerrero)
1519-1579 Sir Thomas Gresham, merchant prince. He was a British banker and money-changer and served as the financial agent for Elizabeth I. He ran a news service in the Netherlands to keep informed of finances there and built the Royal Exchange of London modeled on the Antwerp commodities exchange.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R8)
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