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26-1-1500
Spanish explorer Vicente Yanez Pinzon reached the northeastern coast of Brazil during a voyage under his command. Pinzon had commanded the Nina during Christopher Columbus's first expedition to the New World.
(MC, 1/26/02)
---------------------------
1500 Feb 24, Charles V, king of Spain (1516-1556), was born in Ghent, Belgium. He was the last Holy Roman Emperor to be crowned by the Pope.
(HN, 2/24/99)(SFEC, 11/21/99, p.T10)(MC, 2/24/02)
---------------------------
1500 Mar 9, Pedro Cabral (~1460-1520), Portuguese navigator, departed to India. He left Lisbon with 13 ships headed for India and was blown off course.
(WUD, 1994 p.206)(SFC, 4/20/00, p.A14)(www.newadvent.org/cathen/03128a.htm)
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1500 Apr 8, Battle at Novara: King Louis XII beat duke Ludovico Sforza (Il Sforza del Destino).
(MC, 4/8/02)
---------------------------
1500 Apr 10, France captured duke Ludovico Sforza ("Il Sforza del Destino") of Milan.
(MC, 4/10/02)
---------------------------
1500 Apr 11, Michael T. Marullus, Greeks poet, drowned.
(MC, 4/11/02)
---------------------------
1500 Apr 22, Pedro Alvares Cabral (c1460-c1526), Portuguese explorer, discovered Brazil and claimed it for Portugal. He anchored for 10 days in a bay he called "Porto Seguro" and continued on to India. [see Apr 23]
(WUD,1994, p.206)(AHD, p.185)(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)(HN, 4/22/98)(SFC, 4/20/00, p.A14)
---------------------------
1500 Apr 23, Pedro Cabal landed at Terra da Vera Cruz and claimed Brazil for Portugal. The native population was later estimated to have been from 1 to 11 million people. [see Apr 22]
(AP, 4/23/98)(SFC, 7/6/98, p.A10)(www.newadvent.org/cathen/03128a.htm)
---------------------------
1500 May 29, Bartholomeu Diaz de Narvaez (Novaez), Portuguese sea explorer, drowned.
(SC, 5/29/02)
--------------------------
1500 Aug 10, Diego Diaz discovered Madagascar.
(MC, 8/10/02)
--------------------------
1500 Oct, Governor De Bobadilla of Santo Domingo captured Christopher Columbus and returned him in shackles to Spain. Columbus, during his third sojourn to the new world, engaged in a dispute with the ambassador plenipotentiary to Santo Domingo, Hispaniola (later shared by Haiti and the Dominican Republic). Columbus was later released and forgiven by the Queen.
(V.D.-H.K.p.143)(SFEC, 3/15/98, Z1 p.8)(http://www1.minn.net/~keithp/v2.htm)
--------------------------
1500 Nov 1
Benvunuto Cellini (d.1571), Italian goldsmith and sculptor, was born. His 1545 autobiography greatly influenced the Renaissance.
(HN, 11/1/00)(WSJ, 2/14/00, p.A20)
---------------------------
1500
Pietro Torrigiani created his sculpture "Virgin and Child."
(WSJ, 1/29/02, p.A18)
---------------------------
1500
Albrecht Durer (1471-1528) of Nuremburg painted a self-portrait later described as the most gorgeous portrait ever painted.
(WSJ, 3/15/08, p.W16)
---------------------------
1500
Giovanni Bellini painted "The Pieta" and "Portrait of a Young Man."
(SFEC, 12/26/99, p.C17)
---------------------------
1500
Herri met de Bles, Flemish oil painter, created "Landscape With Burning City."
(WSJ, 9/8/00, p.W8)
---------------------------
1500
Sandro Botticelli, Italian painter, painted his "Mystic Nativity," but he was out of key with public taste. His reputation was only restored in the 19th century. He also did the circular painting "Adoration of the Christ Child."
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)(WSJ, 12/30/97, p.A8)
---------------------------
1500
Desiderius Erasmus, Dutch humanist scholar, published his "Adagia."
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)
---------------------------
1500
During the first half century of printing 1450-1500, the majority of printed books were renderings of Greek and Latin works, previously available only in manuscripts... From this point on, published works in the national languages... were in the majority.
(V.D.-H.K.p.143)
---------------------------
1500
Antwerp Cathedral was completed after 148 years of construction.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)
---------------------------
1500
Pope Alexander VI proclaimed a Year of Jubilee with a call for a crusade against the Turks.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)
---------------------------
1500
Aldus Manutius, Italian printer, founded the Venice Academy for the study of Greek classics and he invented Italic type.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)
---------------------------
1500
Valencia University was founded.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)
---------------------------
1500
The Diet of Augsburg established a Council of Regency to administer the Holy Roman Empire.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)
---------------------------
1500
King Louis XII of France captured Milan in the Italian Wars.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)
---------------------------
1500
The Vatican established a permanent nunciature (diplomatic service) in Venice.
(Econ, 7/21/07, p.59)
---------------------------
1500
Nueva Cadiz was established on Isla de Cubagua off the coast of Venezuela after Columbus discovered rich pearl oyster beds nearby.
(SSFC, 2/19/06, p.F8)
----------------------------
1500
The population of the world at about 400 million was distributed as follows:
China, Japan, and Korea 130 million
Europe and Russia 100 million
India subcontinent 70 million
Southeast Asia and Indonesia 40 million
Central and western Asia 25 million
Africa 20 million
The Americas 15 million
(V.D.-H.K.p.168)
----------------------------
c1500
In northern Argentina 3 Inca children were sacrificed. In 1999 a team of archeologists discovered their frozen mummies on Mount Llullaillaco.
(SFC, 4/7/99, p.A11)
---------------------------
c1500
At the end of the 15th century Azerbaijan became the power base of a native dynasty, the Safavids. They established an empire that dominated Iran in the 16th and 17th centuries..
(CO, Grolier’s Amer. Acad. Enc./ Azerbaijan)
---------------------------
c1500
Lake Cauhilla in southern California, the predecessor to the Salton Sea, measured 50 by 100 miles and began evaporating.
(SFC, 11/30/98, p.A22)
---------------------------
1500s
The Aztecs played ollamalitzli. The game placed a rubber ball through a stone ring and the loser was often beheaded.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R34)
---------------------------
1500s
The Navajo began settling on Hopi land. They have farmed in the southwest since this time.
(SFC, 7/15/96, p.A1)(SFC, 1/3/97, p.A26)
---------------------------
1500s
Europe began to restrict the practice of medicine to qualified doctors.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R25)
---------------------------
1500s
Holland and Saxony began to protect the rights of inventors to their creations.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R14)
---------------------------
1500s
Juan de Bermudez of Spain first reported on the island of Bermuda.
(SFC, 5/2/98, p.E4)
---------------------------
1500s
The popularity of surströmming, a Swedish fermented herring with a noxious stench, surged in the early 1500s and again in the early 1700s.
(WSJ, 8/13/02, p.A1)
---------------------------
1500s
Monomutapa (Zimbabwe) was split in two with the northern half remaining Monomutapa, and a southern half under the rival dynasty of Changamire.
(ATC, p.148)
---------------------------
1500s
Portugal settled the island of Sao Tome, 250 miles off the coast of Kongo. Most of the settlers were criminals deported from Portugal. Sugar began to be grown on Sao Tome and slaves were purchased from King Affonso. The Portuguese and Africans did not see slavery the same way. To the Portuguese the slaves were beasts of burden and worked so hard that many died. They then bought more.
(ATC, p.152)
1500s
Most people got married in June because they took their yearly bath in May and were still smelling pretty good by June. However, they were starting to smell, so brides carried a bouquet of flowers to hide the body odor.
Baths equaled a big tub filled with hot water. The man of the house had the privilege of the nice clean water, then all the other sons and men, then the women and finally the children. Last of all the babies. By then the water was so dirty you could actually loose someone in it. Hence the saying, "Don’t throw the baby out with the bath water".
Houses had thatched roofs. Thick straw, piled high, with no wood underneath. It was the only place for animals to get warm, so all the pets... dogs, cats and other small animals, mice, rats, bugs lived in the roof. When it rained it became slippery and sometimes the animals would slip and fall off the roof. Hence the saying, "It’s raining cats and dogs,"
There was nothing to stop things from falling into the house. This posed a real problem in the bedroom where bugs and other droppings could really mess up your nice clean bed. So, they found if they made beds with big posts and hung a sheet over the top, it addressed that problem. Hence those beautiful big 4 poster beds with canopies.
The floor was dirt. Only the wealthy had something other than dirt. Hence the saying "dirt poor".
The wealthy had slate floors which would get slippery in the winter when wet. So they spread thresh on the floor to help keep their footing. As the winter wore on they kept adding more thresh until when you opened the door it would all start slipping outside. A piece of wood was placed at the entry way, hence a "thresh hold".
They cooked in the kitchen with a big kettle that always hung over the fire. Every day they lit the fire and added things to the pot. They mostly ate vegetables and didn’t get much meat. They would eat the stew for dinner leaving leftovers in the pot to get cold overnight and then start over the next day. Sometimes the stew had food in it that had been in there for a month. Hence the rhyme: peas porridge hot, peas porridge cold, peas porridge in the pot nine days old."
Sometimes they could obtain pork and would feel really special when that happened. When company came over, they would bring out some bacon and hang it to show it off. It was a sign of wealth and that a man "could really bring home the bacon."
They would cut off a little to share with guests and would all sit around and "chew the fat."
Those with money had plates made of pewter. Food with a high acid content caused some of the lead to leach onto the food. This happened most often with tomatoes, so they stopped eating tomatoes... for 400 years.
Most people didn’t have pewter plates, but had trenchers - a piece of wood with the middle scooped out like a bowl. Trencher were never washed and a lot of times worms got into the wood. After eating off wormy trenchers, they would get "trench mouth."
Bread was divided according to status. Workers got the burnt bottom of the loaf, the family got the middle, and guests got the top, or the "upper crust".
Lead cups were used to drink ale or whiskey. The combination would sometimes knock them out for a couple of days. Someone walking along the road would take them for dead and prepare them for burial. They were laid out on the kitchen table for a couple of days and the family would gather around and eat and drink and wait and see if they would wake up. Hence the custom of holding a "wake".
England is old and small and they started running out of places to bury people. So, they would dig up coffins and would take their bones to a house and re-use the grave. In reopening these coffins, one out of 25 coffins were found to have scratch marks on the inside and they realized they had been burying people alive. So they thought they would tie a string on their wrist and lead it through the coffin and up through the ground and tie it to a bell. Someone would have to sit out in the graveyard all night to listen for the bell. Hence on the "graveyard shift" they would know that someone was "saved by the bell" or he was a "dead ringer".
(e-mail, Riddiough, 5/14/99)
---------------------------
1500-1600
"Hsi Yu Chi" was a 16th century Chinese novel based on the account of a 7th century monk, Tripitaka, who traveled to India for 16 years for Buddhist scriptures.
(SFC, 12/7/96, p.D1)
---------------------------
1500-1600
"The Boke of Hawkynge and Huntynge and Fysshynge" was produced. A copy sold for $88,000 in 2000.
(SFC, 6/2/00, p.A21)
---------------------------
c1500-1600
George Pencz, 16th century German artist. His work included "Holy Trinity, Seat of Mercy."
(SFC, 9/29/01, p.B1)
---------------------------
1500-1600
Weimar became the capital of the duchy of Saxe-Weimar.
(SSFC, 8/1/04, p.D10)
---------------------------
1500-1600
Yi Am, 16th cent. Korean artist. The artist’s work included: "Puppies, Birds and Blossoms."
(WSJ, 8/10/98, p.A12)
---------------------------
c1500-1600
The 16th century French text "The Rules of Civility" was published.
(SFC, 7/4/02, p.D1)
---------------------------
1500-1600
The first Russian book printed was the 15th century "Apostle."
(SFC, 12/27/96, p.C16)
---------------------------
1500-1600
The Kalmyk people, descendants from the Golden Horde of Genghis Khan, settled in the lowlands between the Volga and Don rivers with their livestock.
(SFC, 9/24/97, p.A12)
c1500-1600 In Honduras the Lenca Indian chieftain Lempira withdrew to the high mountains to lead resistance against the Spaniards. According to legend he plunged to his death from a rocky outcrop near the summit of the highest peak. The Indians developed the Quezungal method of farming, where crops were planted under trees that kept hillsides from eroding.
(SFC, 11/18/98, p.A14)
c1500-1600 Giulio Cesare Aranzi, Italian anatomist, name the hippocampus formation of the brain because of its resemblance to Hippocampus, the seahorse.
(NH, 9/97, p.56)
c1500-1600 Scotsman Rob Roy was forced to become a highland fugitive.
(SFC, 8/19/96, p.D7)
c1500-1600 The Predjama Castle was built at the mouth of a huge cave at Postojna, Slovenia. It was later used by the highway robber Erasmus Luegger.
(SSFC, 8/18/02, p.C7)
c1500-1600 A Muslim pilgrim stole coffee beans from Yemen and raised them in India. Yemen was the first great coffee exporter and in order to protect its trade had decreed that no living plant could leave the country.
(WSJ, 6/4/99, p.W9)
1500-1650 Period of late Renaissance.
(V.D.-H.K.p.143)
c1500-1800 In Nepal the Malla dynasty created an architectural frenzy in Patan between the 16th and 18th centuries.
(WSJ, 1/22/98, p.A17)
1500-1800 Ottoman Turk rule extended over Libya.
(SSFC, 6/27/04, p.D12)
c1500s-1800s Millions of Africans were torn from their homelands, herded into ships and sold in the New World for more than 300 years. Perhaps the cruelest part of the Atlantic slave trade was the weeks-long sea crossing, or the so-called Middle Passage--that leg of the Triangular Trade that brought the human cargo from West Africa to New World ports. Rather than provide healthful conditions on the sea crossing, slave traders sought to maximize profits with "tight packing"--cramming so many slaves onto the lower decks that those that survived would compensate for the certain losses. The British slave ship Brookes' deck plan shows the ship carrying 454 slaves with 6'x 1'4" of space allowed for each adult male, 5'10" x 11" for each woman and 5' x 1'2" for each boy. This clinical representation of human suffering during the Middle Passage was widely circulated by abolitionist groups.
(HNPD, 12/14/98)
1500-1820 The proto-capitalist epoch. The world GDP grew by .07% per year.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R54)
1501 Mar 1, Lithuania and Livonia established a 10-year union for protection against Russia.
(LHC, 3/1/03)
1501 Mar 20, Jean Carondelet (72), lawyer, chancellor of Burgundy (1480-96), died.
(MC, 3/20/02)
1501 May 20, Joao da Nova Castell discovered the Ascension Islands.
(MC, 5/20/02)
1501 Jul 27, Copernicus was formally installed as canon of Frauenberg Cathedral.
(MC, 7/27/02)
1501 Sep 24, Gerolamo Cardano, mathematician, was born. He authored "Games of Chance," the first systematic computation of probabilities.
(HN, 9/24/00)
1501 Oct 15, English crown prince Arthur married Catharina of Aragon. [see Nov 14]
(MC, 10/15/01)
1501 Nov 14, Arthur Tudor married Katherine of Aragon. [see Oct 15]
(HN, 11/14/98)
1501 Michelangelo was commissioned by Florence, his native home, to carve the colossal statue "David." The work had been by Agostino di Duccio around 1465. Michelangelo finished it in 1504. It was placed at the front of the Palazzo Signoria. In 1873 it was cleaned and moved indoors.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)(WSJ, 4/29/03, D5)
1501 Books printed before 1501 are called incunabula or incunables, after the Latin word for cradle. The 15th century was the cradle of printing.
(WSJ, 9/14/00, p.A24)
1501 France and Spain occupied Naples, and French troops entered Rome. Louis XII was declared King of Naples by the Pope.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)
1501 Cesare Borgia captured Romagna (north-central Italy) and appointed Remirro de Orco, his cruelest lieutenant, to pacify the region. After the job was done Borgia had Orco cut in two to gain the gratitude of the people.
(WSJ, 6/22/98, p.A20)
1501 Maximilian I, German emperor, recognized the French conquests of northern Italy in the Peace of Trent.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)
1501 A worn Roman torso was unearthed in Rome. It later acquired the nickname "Pasquino" and served as a station for posting complaints and opinions that came to be known as Pasquinades.
(WSJ, 12/31/01, p.A6)
1501 The Turks took Durazzo from Venice.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)
1501 Ivan III, Czar of Russia, invaded Lithuania.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)
1501 Gaspar de Corte-Real, Portuguese navigator, made the first authenticated European landing on the northern continent of the Western Hemisphere since c1000AD.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)
1501 Amerigo Vespucci, Florentine navigator, explored the coast of Brazil on his second voyage to the New World.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)
1501 The Anglo-Portuguese Syndicate completed the first of five voyages to Newfoundland.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)
1502 Jan 1, Portuguese navigator Pedro Cabral and Amerigo Vespucci sailed the into the harbor of Rio de Janeiro. Portuguese explorers sailed into Guanabra Bay and mistook it for the mouth of a river which they named Rio de Janeiro.
(Hem., Dec. '95, p.129)(MC, 1/1/02)
1502 Feb 12, Vasco da Gama, Portuguese explorer, departed on a second trip to India with 20 well-armed ships.
(www.indhistory.com/vasco-da-gama.html)
1502 Feb 12, Isabella issued a royal order giving all remaining Moors in the realms of Castile the choice between baptism and expulsion.
(www.cyberistan.org/islamic/beyond1492.html)
1502 Apr 2, Arthur, English crown prince, husband of Catharina of Aragon, died.
(MC, 4/2/02)
1502 May 9, Christopher Columbus left Cadiz, Spain, on his fourth and final trip to the Western Hemisphere. He explored Central America, and discovered St. Lucia, the Isthmus of Panama, Honduras, and Costa Rica. Columbus left 52 Jewish families in Costa Rica. [see May 11]
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)(AP, 5/9/97)(WSJ, 6/15/00, p.A1)
1502 May 11, Columbus embarked on his 4th voyage with 150 men in 4 caravels. Among those in the fleet were Columbus's brother Bartholomew, and Columbus' younger son Fernando, then just 13 years old. They reached the coast of Honduras after 8 months and passed south to Panama (1503). The ships included the Capitana, which served as the flagship, and the Vizcaina. In 2006 Klaus Brinkbaumer authored “The Voyage of the Vizcaina.”
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R49)(http://www1.minn.net/~keithp/v4.htm)(WSJ, 5/26/06, p.W5)
1502 Jun 6, Jofo III, King of Portugal (1521-57), was born.
(MC, 6/6/02)
1502 Jun 7, Pope Gregory XIII was born. He introduced the Gregorian calendar in 1582. [see 1552]
(HN, 6/7/98)(SFEC, 2/20/00, Par p.7)
1502 Jun 29, Christopher Columbus arrived at Santo Domingo, Hispaniola, on his 4th voyage to the new world. He requested harbor and advised Gov. Nicolas de Ovando of an approaching hurricane. Ovando denied the request and dispatched a treasure fleet to Spain. 20 ships sank in the storm, 9 returned to port and one made it to Spain.
(http://www1.minn.net/~keithp/v4.htm)
1502 Jul, Columbus reached the coast of Honduras during his 4th voyage and passed south to Panama.
(http://www1.minn.net/~keithp/v4.htm)
1502 Sep 18, Christopher Columbus landed at Costa Rica during his 4th and last voyage. Columbus left 52 Jewish families in Costa Rica.
(MC, 9/18/01)(WSJ, 6/15/00, p.A1)
1502 Dec 31, Cesare Borgia (son of Pope Alexander VI) occupied Urbino.
(MC, 12/31/01)
1502 Donato Bramante began the Tempietto of S. Pietro in Montorio, Rome.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)
1502 Vittore Carpaccio began the fresco cycle "Scenes from the Lives of SS George and Jerome." Full of light and detail, it is typical of the Venetian manner.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)
1502 Lucas Cranch, German painter, began his career in Vienna. In 1521 he painted the famous portrait of Martin Luther.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)
1502 Leonardo da Vinci drew plans for a 720-foot stone span across the Golden Horn at the mouth of the Bosporus. In 2001 Vebjorn Sand, Norwegian artist, completed a 330-foot, laminated timber bridge linking Norway and Sweden at Aas, 16 miles south of Oslo based on the da Vinci plans.
(SSFC, 12/9/01, p.C2)
1502 Vasco da Gama founded the Portuguese colony at Cochin, China.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)
1502 Ahuizotl, ruler of the Aztecs, was likely cremated on a funeral pyre about this time. In 2007 Mexican archeologists found underground chambers in Mexico City they believed to contain his remains.
(AP, 8/4/07)
1502 Montezuma Xocoyotl (Montezuma II), an Aztec prince, inherited the Aztec throne.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)(ON, 10/00, p.1)
1502 In Germany Peter Henlein of Nuremberg used iron parts and coiled springs to build a portable timepiece.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R14)
1502 In Germany Wittenberg University was founded.
(Voruta #27-28, Jul 1996, p.10)(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)
1502 Shah Ismail founded the Safavid Dynasty in Persia.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)
1502 Amerigo Vespucci declared that South America is a separate continent after his second voyage.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)
1502 A hurricane nearly destroyed La Nueva Isabela and it was abandoned. The city was rebuilt on the other side of the river as Santo Domingo by the new governor, Nicholas de Ovando.
(AM, 7/97, p.59)
1502 Vasco da Gama returned to Calicut, India. He bombarded the town, burned a ship full of Arab men, women, and children because its captain had offended him, and demanded that the Muslims turn over the trade to the Portuguese. Within a generation his demands were met.
(V.D.-H.K.p.174)
1502 Portuguese traders took peanuts from Brazil and Peru to Africa.
(SFEC, 1/10/99, Z1 p.8)
1502 Jaoa de Nova, Portuguese explorer, discovered St. Helena Island.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)
1502 Spain legalized slave shipments to the Americas.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R49)
1502-1533 Atahualpa, emperor of the Incas. He had a fortune in gold and silver and tried to purchase his freedom from Pizarro for a chamber filled with gold. Pizarro took 124 tons of gold in ransom and then re-arrested Atahualpa for treason to the Spanish crown and had him decapitated.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R8)
1503 Jan 9, Christopher Columbus returned to the mouth of Rio Belen (western Panama), where he built a garrison.
(http://www1.minn.net/~keithp/v4.htm)
1503 Feb 11, Elizabeth of York, Consort of King Henry VII, died on 38th birthday.
(MC, 2/11/02)
1503 Mar 10, Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor (1558-1564), was born. He was King of Bohemia and Hungary from 1526-1564.
(HN, 3/10/01)(WUD, 1994 p.523)
1503 Mar 28, The 2nd Lithuanian war with Russia (1500-1503) ended with a treaty. Lithuania lost a fourth of its territory.
(LHC, 3/28/03)
1503 Apr 6, Christopher Columbus fended off an Indian attack at his garrison at Rio Belen (Panama).
(http://www1.minn.net/~keithp/v4.htm)
1503 Apr 16, Christopher Columbus abandoned the garrison at Rio Belen (Panama) and sailed for home (Hispaniola) with 3 ships. On the way he was shipwrecked in Jamaica.
(http://www1.minn.net/~keithp/v4.htm)
1503 May 10, Columbus stumbled across the Cayman Islands and dubbed them Las Tortugas after the numerous sea turtles.
(SFEC, 2/16/97, p.T8)(HN, 5/10/98)
1503 Jun 25, Christopher Columbus beached his sinking ships in St. Anne’s Bay, Jamaica, and spent a year shipwrecked and marooned there before returning to Spain.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)(http://www1.minn.net/~keithp/v4.htm)
1503 Aug 18, Pope Alexander VI (1492-1503), born in Spain as Rodrigo di Borgia (1431), died. He had recently authorized the building of a prison in the cellars of Castel Sant’Angelo in Rome.
(PTA, p.424)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI)(SSFC, 7/22/07, p.G2)
1503 Nov 28, Giuliano della Rovere (1443-1513) was crowned as Pope Julius II.
(http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08562a.htm)
1503 Oct 30, Queen Isabella of Spain banned violence against Indians.
(MC, 10/30/01)
1503 Nov 17, Il Bronzino, Florentine painter (Eleanor de Toledo & her Son), was born.
(MC, 11/17/01)
1503 Dec 14, Nostradamus [Michel de Nostredame], prophet, was born in St. Remy, Provence, France. He predicted correctly French king Henri II's manner of death. Nostradamus was the author of a book of prophecies that many still believe foretold the future. He was also physician, an astrologer and a clairvoyant. He wrote in rhyming quatrains, accurately predicting the Great London Fire in 1666, Spain’s Civil War, and a Hitler that would lead Germany into war. He even correctly predicted his own death on July 2, 1566.
(HN, 12/14/99)(MC, 12/14/01)
1503 Lucas Cranach (1472-1553) the Elder, German artist ( Saxony), completed his painting “The Crucifixion.”
(www.britannica.com/eb/article-9026747/Lucas-Cranach-the-Elder)
1503 Parmigianino (d.1540), Italian painter and master draftsman, was born. His paintings included "Madonna of the Long Neck."
(WSJ, 2/12/00, p.A25)
1503 Leonardo Da Vinci began painting the "Mona Lisa." The model was Lisa Gheradini whose relatives had emigrated to Ireland in the 12th century and translated their surname to Fitzgerald, an ancestral name of later US president John F. Kennedy. Lisa Gherardini (b.1479) was originally identified as the subject of the world's most famous painting by Leonardo's first biographer, the 16th-century Italian writer Giorgio Vasari. [see Nov 3, 1507]
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)(SFC, 4/26/97, p.E4)(AP, 9/13/04)
1503 Thomas a Kempis published his "Imitation of Christ" in an English translation and it had great religious influence.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)
1503 Canterbury Cathedral was finished after 433 years of construction.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)
1503 Henry VII’s chapel, the final stage of English gothic art, was begun in Westminster Abbey.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)
1503 The pocket handkerchief came into general use in polite European society.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)
1503 The missionary Bartolome de Las Casa described the brutal destruction of a Taino Indian city, La Aleta (later in the Dominican Republic). Captain-Gen’l. Juan de Esquival led a Spanish force that massacred 600-700 Higuey Tainos for rebelling after one of their chiefs was disemboweled by a Spanish attack dog. In 1997 archeologists found evidence of a city at the site called La Aleta.
(SFC, 3/29/97, p.A10)(AM, 7/97, p.60)
1503 Leonardo da Vinci was commissioned to decorate a hall in the Palazzo Vecchio in Florence. For some 18 months he worked on a mural for the 1440 Battle of Anghiari but abandoned the work in 1506. The mural was later lost when Georgio Vasari was hired to remodel the hall.
(WSJ, 11/9/07, p.W4)
1503 The French in Italy were defeated by the Spaniards in the battles of Cerignola and Garigliano, and Spanish forces entered Naples.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)
1503 A War of Succession broke out between Albert IV of Bavaria and Rupert of the Palatinate (a state of the Holy Roman Empire).
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)
1503 Jean Poyet, French Renaissance artist, died. His work included "Vespers: Massacre of the Innocents and Flight Into Egypt."
(WSJ, 2/22/00, p.A20)
1503 Zanzibar became a Portuguese colony.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)
1504 Jan 17, Pius V, Pope from 1566-1572, was born.
(HN, 1/17/99)
1504 Feb 29, An eclipse occurred and helped Christopher Columbus subdue his rebellious Indian carriers.
(SCTS, p.29)
1504 Apr 1, English guilds went under state control.
(MC, 4/1/02)
1504 Apr 18, Fra Filippo Lippi (~52), painter, died.
(MC, 4/18/02)
1504 Apr 23, King Maximilian I routed troops to Bavaria.
(MC, 4/23/02)
1504 May 5, Anton of Burgundy (~82), the Great Bastard, knight, died.
(MC, 5/5/02)
1504 Jun 29, Diego Mendez, one of Columbus's captains, returned to Jamaica with a small caravel and rescued the Columbus expedition. Mendez had managed to take a canoe from Jamaica to Hispaniola where he chartered the rescue ship.
(http://www1.minn.net/~keithp/v4.htm)
1504 Aug 6, Matthew "Nosey" Parker, archbishop of Canterbury, was born.
(MC, 8/6/02)
1504 Nov 7, Columbus returned to Spain following his 4th voyage after suffering a shipwreck at Jamaica. Columbus brought back cocoa beans and chocolate drinks soon became a favorite in the Spanish court. In 2005 Martin Dugard authored “The Last Voyage of Columbus.”
(EWH, 1968, p.390)(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R49)(SSFC, 6/26/05, p.C1)
1504 Nov 26, Isabella I (53), Catholic Queen of Castille and Aragon (1474-1504), patron of Columbus died.
(MC, 11/26/01)
1504 Raphael painted "The Marriage of the Virgin." It exemplified the major principles of High Renaissance art.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)
1504 Albrecht Durer (1471-1528) drew his "Adam and Eve."
(SFEC, 2/9/97, DB p.6)
1504 The Signoria of Florence commissioned Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo to paint the walls of the Grand Council Chamber in the Palazzo Vecchio.
(OG)
1504 In Florence Leonardo da Vinci and Machiavelli became involved in a scheme to divert the Arno River and thereby cut the water supply to Pisa and force its surrender. Colombino, the project foreman, failed to follow da Vinci’s design, and the project was a spectacular failure. This is covered in the 1998 book "Fortune Is a River" by Roger D. Masters.
(WSJ, 6/22/98, p.A20)
1504 Louis XII of France ceded Naples to Ferdinand II of Aragon in the Treaty of Lyon. Naples remained under Spanish control for the next 200 years.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)
1504 Babur, founder of the Mughal dynasty in India, captured Kabul in Afghanistan and maintained control to 1519. Babur’s mother descended from Genghis Khan and his father from Timur (Tamerlane).
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)(www.afghan, 5/25/98)(WSJ, 10/24/00, p.A12)
1504 Venetian ambassadors proposed to Turkey the construction of a Suez Canal.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)
1504 Henry Tudor, king of England, had coins minted with an accurate self likeness.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)
1505 Feb 4, Joan of Valois (40), Queen of France, saint, died.
(MC, 2/4/02)
1505 Feb 26, In Brest Polish Chancellor J. Laski invited the Lithuanian government to reconfirm and expand the 1501 Union of Melnik, but the offer was rejected.
(LHC, 2/26/03)
1505 Apr 20, Jews were expelled from Orange, Burgundy, by Philibert of Luxembourg.
(MC, 4/20/02)
1505 Jul 24, On their way to India, a group of Portuguese explorers sacked the city-state of Kilwa, East Africa, and killed the king for failing to pay tribute.
(HN, 7/24/98)
1505 Oct 27, The Grand Duke of Moscow, Ivan III (also known as "Ivan the Great"), died; he was succeeded by his son, Vasily III (Basil III). Vasily's son, Ivan IV, later became the first czar of Russia, "Ivan the Terrible."
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)(AP, 10/27/05)
1505 Dec 18, John IX van Horne, prince-bishop of Lieges, Belgium, was executed.
(MC, 12/18/01)
1505 Giovanni Bellini painted "The Virgin and Child with Saints," the most perfect realization of the "holy conversation" theme in all of Western painting.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)
1505 Hieronymus Bosch began his triptych "The Garden of Earthly Delights" and marked the last fling of the Gothic Middle Ages. He also painted "The Temptation of St. Anthony."
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)(SFC, 8/27/98, p.E3)
1505 Giorgione painted "The Concert."
(WSJ, 7/16/02, p.D6)
1505 Pope Julius summoned Michelangelo to Rome to design the pope’s tomb. The contract was revised 5 times and only 3 of 40 large figures were executed.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)(OG)
1505 Leonardo da Vinci painted “The Battle of Anghiari” on a wall in Florence’s Palazzo Vecchio. It commemorated a victory of Florentine forces over the ruling Medici. In 1563 the Medici, having regained power, hired Giorgio Vasari to cover up Leonardo’s work with a painting celebrating one of their own martial successes. It was later thought that Vasari hid the original behind his new work.
(WSJ, 4/10/08, p.D7)
1505 Raphael painted his “Madonna of the Goldfinch” about this time for the wedding of a friend, Lorenzo Nasi. The painting was shredded in 1548 when Nasi’s palace collapsed. The work was pieced together and modern restoration, which began in 1999, was completed in 2008.
(SFC, 10/31/08, p.E7)
1505 Wimpfeling published the first history of Germany, "Epitome Rerum Germanicarum."
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)
1505 Maximilian I began a reformation of the Holy Roman Empire.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)
1505 Christ’s College, Cambridge, England, was founded.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)
1505 Magellan began to serve Portugal when he enlisted in the fleet of Francisco de Almeida. He continued in Portuguese service on many expeditions, being wounded in a campaign against the Moroccan stronghold of Azamor in 1513. The wound caused him to limp for the rest of his life. Magellan petitioned King Manuel of Portugal for an increase in his pension as a titular rise in rank, but the king refused and sent him back to Morocco. Upon his second petition in 1516, Magellan was told he might offer his services elsewhere.
(HNQ, 10/9/00)
1505 A well armed Portuguese fleet attacks Kilwa and then Mombasa. The Portuguese then attempt to monopolize the trade in the east African ports but were unable to maintain control. By the late 1500s, Swahili groups regained control of several ports from the Portuguese..
(ATC, p.144)
1505 Portuguese explorers discovered Ceylon (Sri Lanka), and established factories on the east coast of Africa.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)
1505 Christopher Columbus died in poverty in Spain. Columbus was the author of "Books of Prophecies," later translated by Delno C. West.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)(WSJ, 10/8/99, p.W15)
1505-1585 Thomas Tallis, English organist and vocal composer, especially of church music.
(WUD, 1994, p.1450)
1506 Jan 22, The Swiss Guard mercenaries, summoned by Pope Julius II to protect the pope and the Vatican, arrived in Rome.
(USAT, 5/6/98, p.6A)(AP, 1/22/06)
1506 Apr 7, Francis Xavier, saint, Jesuit missionary to India, Malaya, and Japan, was born.
(MC, 4/7/02)
1506 May 19, Columbus selected his son Diego as sole heir.
(MC, 5/19/02)
1506 May 20, Christopher Columbus (55) died in poverty in Spain, still believing he discovered the coast of Asia. Columbus died in the Spanish city of Valladolid, and was initially interred in a monastery there. Three years later, his remains were moved to a monastery on La Cartuja. In 1537, Maria de Rojas y Toledo, widow of Columbus' son Diego, was allowed to send the bones of her husband and his father to the cathedral in Santo Domingo for burial. There they lay until 1795, when Spain ceded the island of Hispaniola to France and decided Columbus' remains should not fall into foreigners' hands. A set of remains that the Spaniards thought were Columbus' were then dug up from behind the main altar in the newly built cathedral and shipped to a cathedral in Havana, where they remained until the Spanish-American War broke out in 1898 and Spain brought them to Seville. But in 1877, workers digging inside the Santo Domingo cathedral unearthed a leaden box containing 13 large bone fragments and 28 small ones. It was inscribed "Illustrious and distinguished male, don Cristobal Colon." The Dominicans said these were the real remains of Columbus and that the Spaniards must have taken the wrong remains in 1795.
(AP, 5/20/97)(HN, 5/20/99)(AP, 10/13/02)(SFC, 1/18/05, p.A8)
1506 Albrecht Durer painted his "Portrait of a Young Woman."
(SFEC, 12/26/99, p.C17)
1506 Giorgione painted “The Three Philosophers” about this time.
(WSJ, 8/3/06, p.D5)
1506 The Laocoon sculpture was unearthed in Rome. It served as a peg for Goethe’s aesthetic theories. It later inspired Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, 18th century German dramatist and critic, to write one of the greatest essays ever written on a work of ancient art.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)(WSJ, 9/7/99, p.A23)
1506 Pope Julius II placed the 1st stone for the new St. Peter’s Basilica. Bramante began to rebuild St. Peter’s Cathedral in Rome, which had been neglected since the 14th century when the popes resided at Avignon. Pope Urban VIII consecrated it in 1626.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)(SSFC, 2/18/07, p.A2)
1506 The University of Frankfurt-on-the-Oder was founded.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)
1506 Jacob Fugger, Augsburg merchant, imported spices to Europe from the East Indies.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)
1506 The Spaniards in the West Indies began raising sugar cane.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)
1506 Machiavelli, Italian diplomat, established the Florentine militia, the first Italian national troops.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)
1506 Andrea Mantegna (b.1431), Italian painter and engraver, died. His paintings included a dead Christ, “Christo Morto,” whose bare feet seem to stick out of the picture. He also painted "Virgin and Child in Glory."
(WSJ, 6/6/96, p.A12)(SFEC, 7/13/97, p.T11)(WSJ, 11/10/07, p.W14)
1506 King Chungjong (r.1506-1544) began his rule in Korea. He restored Confucian rule with the support of officials who had deposed King Yongsan-gun.
(www.asianinfo.org/asianinfo/korea/history/early_choson_period.htm)
1506 Riots in Lisbon, Portugal, led to the slaughter of 2,000-4,000 converted Jews. This became the setting for a 1998 novel by Richard Zimler, "The Last Kabbalist of Lisbon."
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9) (WSJ, 6/8/98, p.A21)
1506 Philip I of Castile died and was succeeded by a Council of Regency because of the insanity of his widow.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)
1506 Mozambique, Africa, was colonized by the Portuguese.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)
1506-1510 Leonardo da Vinci divided his time between Florence and Milan, where he serve Charles d’Amboise, the region’s French governor. It was in this period that he compiled his illustrated observations that came to be known as the 72-page Codex Leicester. It consists of 18 loose, double-sided sheets, written in mirror script and illustrated with about 360 sketches. The work was first planned as a treatise on the motion of water.
(SFC, 10/29/96, p.F3)(WSJ, 10/31/96, p.A21)(NH, 11/96, p.14,96)
---------------------------
1507 Jan 15, Johann Oporinus [Herbster], Swiss book publisher (Koran), was born.
(MC, 1/15/02)
1507 Feb 23, Gentile Bellini, Venetian artist, died.
(www.boglewood.com/cornaro/xgentilebellini.html)
---------------------------
1507 Mar 12,
Cesare Borgia (31), cardinal, soldier, politician, died while fighting alongside his brother, the king of Navarre, in Spain.
(HN, 3/12/99)(MC, 3/12/02)
---------------------------
1507 Apr 25,
Martin Waldseemuller, a German geographer working at a small college in Eastern France, labeled the New World "America," for the first time in his book "Cosmographiae Introductio," and gave Amerigo Vespucci (d.1512) credit for discovering it. Letters of 1504-1505 had circulated in Florence claimed that Vespucci had discovered the new World. Vespucci was in fact only a passenger or low officer on one of the ships captioned by others. Vespucci was later believed to have been the brother of Simonetta Vespucci, the model for Venus in the Botticelli painting. In 2000 the US Library of Congress planned to acquire the original map for $14 million from the Prince Johannes Waldburg-wolfegg. A $10 million purchase was completed in 2003.
(SFEC, 8/23/98, p.T10)(SFC, 10/27/00, p.C14)(WSJ, 7/25/03, p.W19)(AP, 4/25/07)
---------------------------
1507 Oct 1,
Italian architect Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola was born.
(AP, 10/1/07)
---------------------------
1507 Nov 3,
Leonardo da Vinci was commissioned to paint Lisa Gherardini ("Mona Lisa"). The husband of Lisa del Giocondo commissioned Leonardo da Vinci to paint the "Mona Lisa," shortly after she had 3 teeth pulled and false teeth fitted. In 2001 Donald Sassoon authored "Becoming Mona Lisa: The Making of a Global Icon." [see 1503]
(SFC, 3/21/98, p.E3)(HN, 11/3/00)(WSJ, 12/7/01, p.W16)
1507
Giorgione painted his “Sunset Landscape” about this time.
(WSJ, 8/3/06, p.D5)
---------------------------
1507
Margaret of Austria was appointed Regent by the States-General (parliament) of the Netherlands until the Archduke Charles came of age.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)
---------------------------
1507
The Diet of Constance recognized the unity of the Holy Roman Empire and founded the Imperial Chamber, the empire’s supreme judicial court.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)
---------------------------
1507 Genoa was annexed by the French.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)
1507 Martin Luther was ordained.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)
1507 Pope Julius II announced an indulgence for the re-building of St. Peter’s.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)
1507 Johannes Ruysch produced the first printed map of America, as declared by the selling map dealer, R.B. Arkway, Inc. It is dotted with Asian place names. In 1995 it was for sale for $135,000.
(WSJ, 11/24/95, p.B-8)
1507-1650 The shores of Oman were dominated by Portuguese adventurers who were responsible for the forts of Mirani and Jalali. The native Bedouins spoke the Harsusi language.
(NG, 5/95, p.121-123)
1508 Feb 4, Proclamation of Trent.
(HN, 2/4/99)
1508 Feb 6, King Maximilian I (1459-1519) assumed the title of Emperor (1493-1519) without being crowned.
(TL-MB, p.9)(WUD, 1994, p.886)(MC, 2/6/02)
1508 Aug 12, Ponce de Leon arrived and conquered the island of Boriquen (Puerto Rico). Spain had appointed him to colonize Puerto Rico. He explored Puerto Rico and Spanish ships under his command began to capture Bahamanian Tainos to work as slaves on Hispaniola. His settlement at Caparra, 2 miles south of San Juan Bay, was plagued by Taino Indians and cannibalistic Carib Indians.
(NH, 10/96, p.23)(SC, 8/12/02)(http://welcome.topuertorico.org/glossary/index.shtml#936)
1508 Nov 30, Andrea Palladio (d.1580), [Andrea di Piero della Gondola], Italian Renaissance architect, was born in Padua.
(AM, Mar/Apr 97 p.14)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Palladio)
1508 Giorgione painted "The Tempesta," a landscape of a stormy setting with a town in the background, a soldier lower left and a woman nursing to the right. It is at the Academia Gallery in Venice.
(T&L, 10/80, p. 58)(WSJ, 12/4/97, p.A20)
1508 Pope Julius II transferred Michelangelo to paint the Sistine Chapel ceiling in Rome.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)(OG)
1508 Raphael at age 26 entered the service of Pope Julius II and was entrusted with the decoration of the new papal apartments.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)
1508 The League of Cambrai was formed against Venice by Ferdinand of Aragon, Emp. Maximilian, Louis XII of France, and Pope Julius II as part of an ongoing dispute over sovereignty in Italy.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)
1508 Alfonso d’Albuquerque, Portuguese navigator, conquered Muscat in Oman.
(AM, May/Jun 97 p.53)
1508 Sebastian de Ocampo, Spanish navigator, explored Cuba.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)
1508 In England Althorp was bought by John Spencer, the ancestor of the 9th Earl Spencer, Princess Diana’s brother. The estate in Great Brington was selected as the grave site for Princess Diana in 1997.
(SFC, 4/3/98, p.B2)
1509 Jan 25, Giovanni Morone, Italian theologist, diplomat, cardinal, "heretic," was born.
(MC, 1/25/02)
1509 Apr 21, Henry VII (b.1457), 1st Tudor king of England (1485-1509), died.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England)
1509 Apr 22, Henry Tudor became King Henry VIII of England following the death of his father, Henry VII. He soon married Catherine of Aragon, his brother’s widow and the aunt of Charles V (the Holy Roman Emperor), and fathered Mary, future Queen of England.
(V.D.-H.K.p.161)(AP, 4/22/08)
1509 Apr 27, Pope Julius II excommunicated the republic of Venice. The pope lifted the ban in February 1510.
(AP, 4/27/07)
---------------------------
1509 May 14,
In the Battle of Agnadello, the French defeat the Venetians in Northern Italy.
(HN, 5/14/98)
---------------------------
1509 May 20
Catharina Sforza (45), "La Sforza del Destino", Italian duchess of Forli, died.
(MC, 5/20/02)
1509 Jun 11,
England's King Henry VIII married Catherine of Aragon.
(AP, 6/11/97)(HN, 6/11/98)
---------------------------
1509 Jun 11,
In Italy troops of Florence took Pisa.
(AP, 6/11/03)
1509
Jun 24,
Henry VIII was crowned king of England.
(AP, 6/24/97)(HN, 6/24/98)
1509 Jul 10,
John Calvin, founder of Calvinism, the basis for modern Protestantism, was born.
(HN, 7/10/98)
1509
Andrea Calmo (d.1571, Venetian playwright, was born about this time. He became a pioneer in comedia dell’arte.
(www.italica.rai.it/rinascimento/saggi/commedia_cinquecento/capitoli/lezion17.html)
1509 Fra Bartolomeo, Italian artist, painted "The Holy Family with the Infant St. John." It was purchased by the Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA) for close to $4 million. His work "The Holy Family with the Infant St. John," was purchased by the John Paul Getty Museum in Malibu for $22.5 mil.
(WUD, 1994, p.123)(SFC, 5/13/96, p.D-5)(WSJ, 10/29/96, p.A21)(SFEC, 1/11/98, p.D7)
1509
Sebastian Brant’s "Ship of Fools," a satire first published in 1494, appeared in an English version by Alexander Barclay.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)
1509
Erasmus lectured at Cambridge and dedicated his "In Praise of Folly," a witty satire on church corruption and scholastic philosophy, to Thomas More.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)
1509
In Lisbon, Portugal, the tile-bedecked church, Igreja de Madre de Deus, was built.
(SFEC, 2/1/98, p.T7)
1509
Johann Pfefferkorn, a converted Jew, led a persecution of the Jews in Germany under Maximilian I.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)
1509
Brasenose College, Oxford, and St. John’s College, Cambridge, were founded.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)
1509
The Egyptian and Gujarat fleets were routed by the Portuguese at the Battle of Diu, which left the latter in control of the Indian seas and the spice trade.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)
1509
Spanish armies invaded North Africa in a crusade against the Muslim rulers of Tripoli, Oran, and Bougie.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)
---------------------------
1509
Spanish conquistadores founded a colony at Darien on the Isthmus of Panama.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)
---------------------------
1509
The Venetian defeat at Agnadello led to the annexation of Faenza, Rimini, and Ravenna by Pope Julius II, and Otranto and Brindisi by Ferdinand of Aragon.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)
---------------------------
1509
Peter Henlein, Nuremberg inventor, invented the watch, nicknamed the Nuremberg egg.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)
---------------------------
1509-1520
The Spanish colonized the area of Nueva Granada (modern Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, Venezuela).
(http://homepage20.seed.net.tw/web@3/flags/wfh/pg-am-4.htm)
---------------------------
1509-1564
John Calvin, French theologian. He started the Protestant Reformation in France in 1532.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.14)(SFC, 7/21/97, p.A11)
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