من سنة 40 م إلي سنة 49 م

سنة 40
مقتل (بطليموس بن جوبا الثاني بن جوبا الأول بن هيمبسال بن ماسينيسا) حاكم موريتانيا القديمة
Caligula killed Ptolemy of Mauretania
تفاصيل:
استدعي الامبراطور الروماني ( كاليجولا) حاكم موريتانيا (بطليموس) إلي روما
ولما وافاه بروما حسد كاليجولا بطليموس لما رآه من شبابه وجماله وفتوته وفخامة ثيابه ، فأمر به فقتل وأمر بجعل مملكته مقاطعة رابعةProvince تدخل في اختصاص ( الحاكم العامPerfect لولاية أفريقيا )
وكانت شمال أفريقيا ولاية واحدة لها حاكم عام وعاصمتها ( أوتيكا )، وتنقسم الولاية الي 3 مقاطعات لكل منها حاكم بدرجة قنصل
وبضم موريتانيا للامبراطورية صارت ولاية شمال أفريقيا تنقسم إلي 4 مقاطعات
وبذلك أصبح الساحل الشمالي كله تحت حكم روما المباشر
In 40, Caligula invited Ptolmey to Rome, with the pretext of being his relative. Caligula welcomed him with appropriate honors. As Ptolemy entered an amphitheater during a gladiatorial show, he wore a purple cloak that attracted admiration.
Out of jealousy, Caligula ordered Ptolemy's execution.

صورة المغدور بطليموس:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Ptolemy_of_Mauretania_Louvre_Ma1887.jpg
صورة أبيه جوبا الثاني :
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Portrait_Juba_II_Louvre_Ma1886.jpg/180px-Portrait_Juba_II_Louvre_Ma1886.jpg

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سنة 40
اندلاع ثورة البربر علي الروم احتجاجاً علي قتل ملكهم (بطليموس) في روما
بدأ الثورة أيديمون وهو عبد سابق لآل بطليموس
الروم يكلفون الجنرال بولينوس والجنرال جيتا بالسفر الي شمال أفريقيا لاخماد ثورة البربر المقاتلين المهرة
After the murder of Ptolemy in Rome, a revolt against the empire was set in motion by the Berbers. Aedemon, a former slave from Ptolemy's household, started the revolt. The rebels were such skilled fighters that Roman Generals Gaius Suetonius Paulinus and Gnaeus Hosidius Geta were needed to end the revolt. Claudius assessed the kingdom and its future. He decided to divide the kingdom into two Roman provinces which were Mauretania Tingitana and Mauretania Caesariensis. Claudius tried Gaius Rabirius Postumus (a man from a senatorial family) for treason, who before tried unsuccessfully to recover money from Ptolemy.

Much prior to Ptolemy's death, Caligula had sent him a peculiar message stating: "Do nothing at all, neither good or bad, to the bearer."
in notice : Mauretania was established
110 BC
- ) it became a Client state of the Roman Empire 33 in the year (BC
- المصدر : (زاهر رياض ، شمال أفريقيا في العصور الوسطي،ص11)،( ويكيبيديا الانجليزية)
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13-6-40
مولد والي بريطانيا من طرف الرومان ( غ .ج . أجريكولا(
Gnaeus Julius Agricola, Roman general and governor of Britain, was born
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سنة 40
Saul of Tarsus, while on the road to Damascus, experienced a profound conversion to Christianity. He became known as St. Paul. In 1997 A.N. Wilson wrote "Paul: The Mind of the Apostle." Wilson argued that Paul was the real founder of the Church of Jesus. Paul was a student of the Jewish scholar Raban Gamliel.
(CU, 6/87)(SFC, 3/28/97, p.C11)(Internet)
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سنة 40
Mauretania was divided into the provinces of Tingitana and Caesariensis.
(AM, May/Jun 97 p.22)
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The Pont du Gard was built to carry an aqueduct serving Nimes, France. The 160-foot high structure is 900 feet long with 3 tiers of stone arches.
(www.vers-pont-du-gard.fr/anglais/tpatrimoine11.php)
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c40-107
St. Ignatius Theorphorus, Apostolic Father. He served as the bishop of Antioch.
(WUD, 1994 p.708)
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سنة 40
موت ملك الأنباط رقم8 واسمه (حارثة الرابع ) الذي حكم في الفترة 9 ق.م-40
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سنة 40
تولي حكم الأنباط ملك الأنباط رقم9 واسمه (مالك الثاني)الذي حكم في الفترة (40-70م)
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40-51
ملك بارثيا = گودرز دوم
Gotarzes II of Parthia
ruled the Parthian Empire intermittently between about 40 and 51.
الفرس يقوا ان حكمه بدأ سنة 45
He was the son of Artabanus II and when his father died in about 38 and his brother Vardanes I succeeded to the throne, Gotarzes rebelled.
Bas relief of Mithridates II of Parthia and Gotarzes II , in Behistun.

He soon made himself detested by his cruelty — among many other murders he even slew his brother Artabanus and his whole family — and Vardanes regained the throne; Gotarzes fled to Hyrcania and gathered an army from the Dahae nomads. The war between the two kings was at last ended by a treaty, as both were afraid of the conspiracies of their nobles. Gotarzes returned to Hyrcania. But when Vardanes was assassinated in about 47, Gotarzes was acknowledged in the whole empire.

Gotarzes then added to his coins the usual Parthian titles, "king of kings Arsaces the benefactor, the just, the illustrious (Epiphanes), the friend of the Greeks (Philhellen)", without mentioning his proper name.

The discontent excited by his cruelty and luxury induced the hostile party to apply to the Roman emperor Claudius to fetch from Rome an Arsacid prince Meherdates, who lived there as hostage. Meherdates crossed the Euphrates in 49, but was beaten and taken prisoner by Gotarzes, who cut off his ears.

Soon afterwards Gotarzes died, according to Tacitus, of an illness; Josephus says that he was murdered. His last coin is dated from June 51. He was succeeded briefly by Vonones II (probably his brother) and then by Vonones' son Vologases I.
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( حوالي عام 40
– بحسب رواية سفر الأعمال –
تنصر بولس المفاجئ و انقلابه دون مقدمات تقدمت لهذا الإنتقال وقال أنه رأى المسيح - بعد رفعه بسنوات - ، فبينما هو ذاهب إلى دمشق في مهمة لرؤساء الكهنة قد تجلى له دون القافلة التي كان يسير معها ، و يذكر أنه منحه حينئذ منصب الرسالة ، فكان مما قاله المسيح له
: (16وَلَكِنْ قُمْ وَقِفْ عَلَى رِجْلَيْكَ لأَنِّي لِهَذَا ظَهَرْتُ لَكَ لأَنْتَخِبَكَ خَادِماً وَشَاهِداً بِمَا رَأَيْتَ وَبِمَا سَأَظْهَرُ لَكَ بِهِ 17مُنْقِذاً إِيَّاكَ مِنَ الشَّعْبِ وَمِنَ الْأُمَمِ الَّذِينَ أَنَا الآنَ أُرْسِلُكَ إِلَيْهِمْ 18لِتَفْتَحَ عُيُونَهُمْ كَيْ يَرْجِعُوا مِنْ ظُلُمَاتٍ إِلَى نُورٍ وَمِنْ سُلْطَانِ الشَّيْطَانِ إِلَى اللهِ حَتَّى يَنَالُوا بِالإِيمَانِ بِي غُفْرَانَ الْخَطَايَا وَنَصِيباً مَعَ الْمُقَدَّسِينَ ) .
و بعد ذلك مكث بولس بدمشق ثلاثة أيام غادرها بعدها الى العربية كما يقص في رسالته الى أهل غلاطية : (17وَلاَ صَعِدْتُ إِلَى أُورُشَلِيمَ إِلَى الرُّسُلِ الَّذِينَ قَبْلِي، بَلِ انْطَلَقْتُ إِلَى الْعَرَبِيَّةِ ، ثُمَّ رَجَعْتُ أَيْضاً إِلَى دِمَشْقَ. 18ثُمَّ بَعْدَ ثَلاَثِ سِنِينَ صَعِدْتُ إِلَى أُورُشَلِيمَ لأَتَعَرَّفَ بِبُطْرُسَ، فَمَكَثْتُ عِنْدَهُ خَمْسَةَ عَشَرَ يَوْماً. ) .

و عندما عاد إلى دمشق ليكرز باسم المسيح حاول اليهود قتله (على حسب القصة الواردة في سفر أعمال الرسل ) فهرب إلى أورشليم ( القدس ) و حاول أن يرافق الحواريين في كرازتهم ( حوالي عام 40 م ) غير أنهم أوجسوا منه خيفه لماضيه ، فما كانوا يصدقون أنه قد تنصر ، فأخذه برنابا و قربه منهم حتى خرجوا جميعا يكرزون بديانتهم في انحاء البلدة .
و يحكي السفر أيضا أنه كان يباحث اليونانيين و يجادلهم حتى أجمعوا أن يقتلوه ، فهرب الى (قيصرية ) بساحل فلسطين و منها الى طرسوس .
و يحكي السفر أيضا أنه وقع اختيار الروح القدس على بولس و برنابا للكرازة بين الأمم فذهبا الى قبرص ثم أنطاكية ، ثم إلى سوريا ، ثم عادا الى انطاكية فحدثت بينهما مشاجرة أدت الى افتراقهما بسبب اصرار برنابا على اصطحاب يوحنا ( مرقس ) معهما في حين كان يرى بولس غير ذلك
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الفترة مابين سنة 40 الي سنة 45

ملك بارثيا = وَردان
وقيل : بردان


Vardanes I of Parthia ruled the Parthian Empire from about 40–47. He succeeded his father Artabanus II, but had continually to fight against his rival Gotarzes II.

His coins show that he was in full possession of the throne from about 40 to 47. In 43 he forced the city of Seleucia on the Tigris to submit to the Parthians again after a rebellion of seven years. Ctesiphon, the residence of the kings on the left bank of the Tigris, opposite to Seleucia, naturally profited by this war; and Vardanes is therefore called founder of Ctesiphon by Ammianus Marcellinus. He also prepared for a war against the Roman Empire, with the aim of reconquering Armenia, but ultimately decided against facing the Roman legions.

In a new war with Gotarzes he gained a great success against the eastern nomads. According to Tacitus (Annales xi. 8-10), Vardanes was expelled temporarily from the throne by his brother Gotarzes, and fled to take refuge "in the plains of the Bactrians" (possibly the Yuezhi, who occupied Bactria at that time). Once he resumed power, he led a victorious campaign against the Dahae army of Gotarzes, as far as the Sindes river (the Tejen).

He is praised by Tacitus as a young and highly gifted ruler of great energy, but lacking in humanity. In about 47 he was assassinated while hunting, and Gotarzes became king again.

Vardanes is mentioned in Life of Apollonius Tyana as a benefactor to Apollonius of Tyana (2–c. 98 AD). He gives him letters guaranteeing safe passage to India, so that he can meet there the Indo-Parthian ruler of India Phraotes:

"And with that, he showed them a letter, written to that effect, and this gave them occasion to marvel afresh at the humanity and foresight of Vardanes. For he had addressed the letter in question to the satrap of the Indus, although he was not subject to his dominion; and in it he reminded him of the good service he had done him, but declared that he would not ask any recompense for the same, "for", he said, "it is not my habit to ask for a return of favors." But he said he would be very grateful, if he could give a welcome to Apollonius and send him on wherever he wished to go. And he had given gold to the guide, so that in case he found Apollonius in want thereof, he might give it him and save him from looking to the generosity of anyone else." – Book II:17 [source : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vardanes_I_of_Parthia]
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Roman Empire

<LI style="TEXT-ALIGN: right">The emperor Caligula is consul without colleague.
<LI style="TEXT-ALIGN: right">

• Caligula embarks on a campaign to conquer Britain, and fails miserably. He declares himself victorious anyway.
  
• 
  
• Noricum and Mauretania are incorporated into the Roman Empire.
  
• 
  
• Caligula transforms the principate into a Hellenistic Autocracy. He distributes honors carelessly, declares himself a god and orders that all the heads of the Greek deity statues be replaced by his. He also appoints his horse, Incitatus, a senator.
  

Europe:

• The Germanic Quadi tribe begin settling in present-day Moravia and Slovakia.
  

Asia:

• Vardanes I becomes king of Parthia, opposed by his brother Gotarzes II.
  
• 
  
• The Vietnamese Trung sisters rebel against the rule of the Chinese Emperor Guangwu of Han.
  

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Arts and sciences

• Philo teaches that all men are born free.
  

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Religions:

• Christianity comes to Egypt as a church is founded in Alexandria. Mark the Evangelist founds the Coptic Orthodox Church as the first pope.
  
• 
  
• An early Christian church is erected at Corinth (most probable date).
  
• 
  
• The Jewish festival of Pesach (Passover) is adopted by the Christians and renamed Easter.
  

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Births in year 40 :

• Pedanius Dioscorides, Greek physician
  
• Frontinus, Roman general and military author
  
• Dio Chrysostom, Greek philosopher and historian
  
• July 13 — Gnaeus Julius Agricola, Roman governor of Britain
  
• Claudia Octavia, daughter of Claudius and Messalina. (d. 62)
  
• Empress Ma of the Han Dynasty (d. 79)
  

Deaths in year 40 :

• January — Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus, husband of Agrippina the younger, brother-in-law of Caligula (dropsy)
  
• Ptolemy of Mauretania (executed by Caligula)
  

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