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 History of Ossetia

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عدد المساهمات : 3882
تاريخ التسجيل : 01/08/2009

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مُساهمةموضوع: History of Ossetia    History of Ossetia   Icon_minitimeالثلاثاء ديسمبر 13, 2011 12:52 pm

History of Ossetia   391px-Ossetia01 
 
Ossetia
Ossetia  is an ethnolinguistic region located on both sides of the Greater Caucasus Mountains, largely inhabited by the Ossetians.
 The Ossetian language is part of the Eastern Iranian branch of the Indo-European languages family.
 The Ossetian-speaking area south of the main Caucasus ridge is recognized by most countries as within the borders of Georgia, but under the control of the Russian-backed de facto government of the Republic of South Ossetia. The northern portion of the region consists of the republic of North Ossetia–Alania within the Russian Federation.
South Ossetia, with a population of 70,000, has close ties to the neighboring region of North Ossetia in Russia and once had the status of an autonomous region within Georgia
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History of Ossetia
 
The Ossetians are descendants of the Alans (or Alani), who are themselves descendants of the Scytho-Sarmatian tribes that lived in the vast plains of southern Russia in ancient times. In South Ossetia the Ossetians call themselves Tual, a subset of the Ir or Iron groups occupying eastern Alania. The language of the Ossetians is Ossetic, which belongs to the northwest group of the Iranian branch of Indo-Iranian languages. South Ossetians are predominantly Orthodox Christian by religion; a small minority adheres to Islam. These official religions coexist with traces of older animistic and totemic beliefs --------------------------
1774
North Ossetia becomes part of the Russian Empire
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1801
The modern-day South Ossetia territory, belonging to Prince Machabeli within the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti, becomes part of the Russian Empire, along with Georgia
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1922
Ossetia is divided into two parts: North Ossetia remains a part of Russian SFSR, South Ossetia remains a part of Georgian SSR.
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10-9-1990
Independent Republic of South Ossetia. The republic remained unrecognized, yet it detached itself from Georgia de facto. In the last years of the Soviet Union, ethnic tensions between Ossetians and Georgians in Georgia's former Autonomous Oblast of South Ossetia (abolished in 1990) and between Ossetians and the Ingush in North Ossetia evolved into violent clashes that left several hundreds dead and wounded and created a large tide of refugees on both sides of the border.
Although a Russian-mediated and Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe-monitored ceasefire was implemented in South Ossetia in 1992, the Georgian-Ossetian conflict still remains unresolved even though a recent peace plan proposed by the government of Georgia promised the South Ossetians larger autonomy and pledged expanded international involvement in the political settlement of the conflict. Meanwhile, the South Ossetian secessionist authorities demand independence or unification with North Ossetia under the Russian Federation while the international community refuses to recognize South Ossetia as an independent country and considers the area part of Georgia.
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12-11-2006
South Ossetians (mostly ethnic Ossetians) went to the polls to vote in a referendum regarding the region's independence from Georgia. The result was a "yes" to independence, with a turnout above 95% from those among the territory's 70,000 people who were eligible to vote at that time. There was also a vote in favour of a new term for South Ossetia's president, Eduard Kokoity.
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8-8-2008
 the 2008 South Ossetia war broke out, which involved Georgia, South Ossetia, Abkhazia, and Russia.
Georgian president Saakashvili launched a surprise attack on separatist forces in South Ossetia while both Russian prime minister Vladimir Putin and U.S. president Bush were in Beijing, China, for the Summer Olympics. Georgia sent a large military force into South Ossetia on August 7, reaching its capital, Ts’khinvali, where Russian peacekeepers were stationed as part of the armistice agreement. The next day Russia responded with a military invasion of South Ossetia. Casualties, especially of civilians, were reportedly heavy on both sides, and thousands of Georgians and South Ossetians fled the region. The Georgian army, however, was no match for the Russians, and it was soon routed. Fighting also spread to the breakaway region of Abkhazia, where rebel forces engaged Georgian troops in the Kodori Gorge area. Russian forces advanced beyond Abkhazia and South Ossetia, deeper into Georgia, establishing so-called buffer zones.


By week’s end a ceasefire had been arranged, due in part to the efforts of French president Nicolas Sarkozy, acting as the EU president, and Russia began withdrawing its forces from the buffer zones. However, a war of words soon escalated with U.S. secretary of state Condoleezza Rice and German chancellor Angela Merkel condemning Russia’s intervention as a violation of international law. Already angered by a U.S. decision to station a ballistic missile defense system in Poland, Russia’s parliament and president Dmitri A. Medvedev appeared to counter the criticism from the West by recognizing the independence of South Ossetia and Abkhazia in late August. Medvedev also indicated that he believed the United States encouraged Georgia to break the armistice and launch its surprise military assault on South Ossetia.


The crisis soon became part of U.S. presidential politics, as well. Some political observers noted that the principal foreign policy adviser to Republican candidate John McCain had also worked as a lobbyist for the Saakashvili government, and they wondered aloud if the attack was orchestrated to play to the perceived national security strengths of Senator McCain. Democratic presidential candidate Barack Obama reportedly chose Senator Joseph Biden as his vice-presidential running mate in part because of Biden’s knowledge regarding the Georgia-South Ossetian conflict as chair of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee.


The charge of U.S. complicity and encouragement in the Georgian attack was also echoed by Russian prime minister Putin, who suggested that it might have been made to benefit one of the presidential candidates. The Georgian crisis revealed that while Russia’s Medvedev had the constitutional authority as president to act as commander-in-chief, Putin remained a powerful presence in decision-making, almost eclipsing the president of Russia.


By mid-October Russia had completed its withdrawal from the buffer zones as required by the ceasefire agreement, and civilian monitors from the EU had taken up positions in the buffer zones. Georgia demanded that ethnic Georgians be allowed to return to their homes in South Ossetia amid reports of retaliation against ethnic Georgians
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sources :
* South Ossetia - MSN Encarta". Archived from the original on 2009-11-01

*en.Wikipedia
* Svante E. Cornell, Small nations and great powers: a study of ethnopolitical conflict in the Caucasus. Routledge, 2001 ISBN 0-7007-1162-7
 
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