من 1699 ق م تنازلياً إلي 1600 ق م

1696BC-1686BC
Neferhotep, the 22nd king of the 13th Dynasty, ruled Egypt. He was the son of a temple priest in Abydos. In 2005 archeologists unearthed a statue of him. His name means "beautiful and good."
(AP, 6/5/05)

========================

1690BC
A kernel of corn was found in 1997 in the McKuen Cave in Eastern Arizona that dated to this time.
(SFEC, 4/18/99, Z1 p.2)

====================
1690 ق م


بدء هجرة الحوريين.


=========================
1675-1567 .ق.م
مصر :
حكم الأسرة الفرعونية الخامس عشرة :
من ملوكها : خيان ـ ابيبى الأول ـ أبيبى الثانى .
===================
1675 ـ 1570
* الهكسوس يحكمون مصر وكنعان ملوكاً للأسرتين الخامسة عشرة والسادسة عشرة .
-----------------------------
1675
العبرانيون يهاجرون إلى مصر وتستقر قبائل يوسف في جوش شرقي الدلتا.

=========================

1674BC
Sheshi, a Hyksos ruler, conquered Memphis (Egypt). Shesi ruled at the beginning of the 15th Dynasty and was succeeded by Yakubher, Khyan, Apepi I, Apepi II, Anather in the 16th Dynasty, Yakobaam, Sobekemsaf II in the 17th Dynasty, and Intef VII. The Hyksos invaded Egypt in horse-drawn chariots.
(WH, 1994, p.13)(http://nefertiti.iwebland.com/history12-17.htm)
=======================
1670 ق م
مصر :
حكم الأسرة الفرعونية السادسة عشر :
من ملوكها : عنت ـ عا مو ـ إبيبى الثالث .
============================


1663BC-1555BC
The period of Egypt’s 15th Dynasty. In Egypt the 15th, 16th and 17th dynasties ruled simultaneously.
(http://tinyurl.com/cgmpy)(www.ancientroute.com/IndexPharCh.htm)(http://tinyurl.com/avkno)
=====================

1660-1557 ق.م
مصر :
حكم الأسرة الفرعونية السابعة عشر :
من ملوكها : رع حوتب ـ سقنن رع ـ كا مس .
================

1650 ق م

الأسرة السابعة عشرة في مصر تظهر في طيبة وتبدأ في تحرير مصر تدريجياً من حكم الهكسوس ويتم استكمال التحرير في عهد الأسرة الثامنة عشرة.
=======================


حوالي 1650 ق.م.
تأسيس المملكة الحيثية القديمة في آسيا الصغرى على يد الملك مورسيليس الأول.
======================
1650BC
The volcano Thera, or Santorini in the Aegean Sea, erupted. Akroteri, a Minoan city on the south part of Thera, is being excavated. About 3-6 feet (1-2 m) of ash fell on the city which had a population of about 30,000. The explosion of Thera about this time released energy equal to 200,000 H-bombs. In 1939 Spyridon Marinatos authored “The Volcanic Destruction of Minoan Crete.”
(NH, 5/96, p.3)(AM, 7/00, p.41)(http://tinyurl.com/7ywyr)

============================
c1650
Egypt’s 14th Dynasty kings ruled mostly from the Western Nile Delta. Their dates are not well known and they may have been contemporary with the 13th Dynasty.
(www.ancient-egypt.org/history/14_17/14.html)
==================================
1595BC
The Hittites captured Babylon and retreated. They left the city open to Kassite domination which lasted about 300 years. The Kassites maintained the Sumerian/Babylonian culture without innovations of their own.
(eawc, p.4)


=====================
1640 – 200 ق.م
. بدأ عصر الحضارة الحيثية في آسيا الصغرى وسوريا، وهي حضارة غير سامية. وقد دمر الحيثيون الإمبراطورية البابلية الأولى واحتلوا سوريا، واصطدموا من موقعهم في سوريا بالإمبراطورية المصرية.
===================

من سنة 1640 ق م
حتي سنة 1532 ق م
في مصر : عصر الاضمحلال الثانى
1640 - 1532

الأسرة الخامسة عشرة (الهكسوس )
ساليتس – شيشى – خيان –ابو فيس ( 1585 – 1542 ) – خمودى


الأسرة السادسة عشرة
اسرة صغيرة من الهكسوس معاصرة للأسرة الخامسة عشرة

الأسرة السابعة عشرة
مجموعة من الملوك الطيبيين المعاصرين للهكسوس فى الشمال ، ومن أشهرهم:
1640 – 1635 انيوتف
سوبك ام ساف الأول والثانى
تاعا الأول
تاعا الثانى (سقنن رع)
كاموس 1555 – 1550

==================
(1542 – 1532 )
1640BC-1540BC
Egypt’s 2nd Intermediate Period.
(www.ancient-egypt.org/history/14_17/index.html)


==============================
c1633BC
Tao I ruled in Egypt’s 17th Dynasty. In Egypt the 15th, 16th and 17th dynasties ruled simultaneously.
(http://tinyurl.com/avkno)


==========================
1628BC
The palace at Knossos, Crete, is depicted in the opening of the 1996 book: "Europe: A History" by Norman Davies.
(WSJ, 11/18/96, p.A10)


======================

1600
مؤرخ بنحو 1600 قبل الميلاد
نزوح الميديين للهند
=======================

حوالي 1600 – 1580 ق.م.
عصر الاضمحلال الثاني في مصر
ويشمل الأسرات 15 – 17، وفيه حدث تدهور جديد وغزت مصر الشعوب الآسيوية التي عرفت باسم الهكسوس، ولكن طيبة بقيت مستقلة. (وهو عصر تدهور ثان وقعت فيه مصر تحت الغزاة الآسيويين الذين عرفوا باسم الهكسوس)

==================


1600 – 911 ق.م.
العصر الآشوري الوسيط


-------------------
c1600BC
The Nebra disk, a 12-inch bronze and gold disk from this time, was evidence of ancient German astronomy. It recorded images of the sun, moon and 32 stars.
(AM, 3/04, p.42)
==========================
c1600BC Chocolate originated in northern Honduras.
(SFEC, 5/16/99, BR p.8)
==========================
c1600BC
The Middle Helladic - Late Helladic I. This archeological period describes the settlement patterns of Greece at about this time.
(LSA., Fall 1995, p.6)
==========================
1600BC
The Phaestos Disc (Phaistos) of terra-cotta found in the excavation of the Cretan palace of Phaestos dating to the Middle Minoan III. It is a roughly circular tablet, 15.8-16.5 cm. in diameter. On each face is a spiral band of four coils, indicated by a roughly drawn meandering line; and an inscription, in some form of picture-writing, has been impressed on this band, one by one, from dies, probably resembling those used by bookbinders... On one face of the disc there are 119 signs; on the other face there are 123. they are divided in what appear to be word-groups... by lines cutting across the spiral bands at right angles. These word-groups contain from two to seven characters each. There are forty-five different characters employed.
(R.M.-P.H.C.p.83)
==========================
1600BC
In Egypt a revolution against Hyksos rule began in the south and spread throughout the country.
(eawc, p.3)
==========================
1600BC
The Kassites, a non-Semitic people, conquered most of Mesopotamia with the help of light chariot warfare.
(eawc, p.3)
==========================
c1600BC
Mounded royal tombs containing artifacts from this time were found in the ruins of the city of Kerma from ancient Nubia.
(MT, 10/95, p.10-11)
==========================
1600BC-1500BC
Art pieces attributed to the Xia Dynasty of China are on exhibit at the Shanghai Museum. These include an ax blade, a three legged food vessel, and 3 wine vessels.
(WSJ, 5/9/96, p.A-16)
====================================
1600BC-1500BC
In India the Aryans invaded the Indus Valley region. In 1999 researchers reported that gene patterns confirmed that Caucasoid invaders entered India between 1000 and 2000BC.
(eawc, p.3)(SFC, 5/26/99, p.C2)
==========================
1600BC-1400BC
Late Minoan period. Late Minoan I pottery is distinguished from the earlier period by the convention that its designs as a rule are painted dark on a light background. The palace of Phaestos was rebuilt. Fine frescoes and admirably sculptured vases in steatite are found. In Late Minoan II the naturalistic figures become conventionalized, and a degeneration in the arts sets in which continues into Late Minoan III. At the end of Late Minoan II an invasion from the mainland occurs apparently resulting in the destruction of the Knossos.
(R.M.-P.H.C.p.17)
==========================
1600BC-1300BC
Messenia, the home of King Nestor, mentioned in Homer's Iliad, is the site of a well excavated palace that dates to this period.
(LSA., Fall 1995, p.6)
==========================
1600BC-1300BC
In Oman a transitional culture known as late Wadi Suq.
(AM, May/Jun 97 p.49)
==========================
1600BC1200BC
The Mycenaean civilization on the Greek peninsula emerged. It was named after the leading Greek city of this period.
(eawc, p.2)
==========================
1600BC-1000BC
In India the Early Vedic period of Indian civilization unfolded.
(eawc, p.3)
----------------------------------
1600BC@ CHINA
Shang Dynasty - advanced civilization and literature

Shang Dynasty ( or Yin Dynasty)
حكمت علي وجه الاحتمال في الفترة من 1600 ق م حتي 1046 ق م
وذلك بعد زوال حكم Xia Dynasty - ) )
BC 2000 :BC 1600التي حكمت علي وجه الاحتمال في الفترة
--------------------------------------------------
1600 ـ 1275
ـ الإمبراطورية الميتانية (الحوريون)).
------------------------------------------
1600 ـ 1400
المملكة الحيثية القديمة في آسيا الصغرى وسوريا وقضاء شعوب البحر عليها
الحيثيون يهاجمون بابل ويُنهوُن حكم الملوك العموريين.